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JEFFREY SACHS： Professor of Economics； Harvard University： The world is more unequal than at any time in world history。 There's a basic reason for that； which is that 200 years ago everybody was poor。 A relatively small part of the world achieved what the economists call a modern economic growth。 Those countries represent only about onesixth of humanity； and fivesixths of humanity is what we call the developing world。 It's the vast majority of the world。 The gap can be 1001； maybe a gap of 30；000 per person and 300 per person。 And that's absolutely astounding to be on the same planet and to have that extreme variation in material well being。
JEFFREY SACHS经济学教授，哈佛大学：今天的世界比历史上任何时候都不平等。这种现象的背后有一个基本的原因：２００年以前，所有的人都很贫穷。相对数目较小的一部分人实现了被经济学家称之为现代经济增长的目标。那些国家世界人口的六分之一，而其余六分之五的人口就是发展中世界。他们占世界人口的绝大部分。他们之间的收入差距可能达到1001，即人均收入30；000 和人均收入 300这样的差距。在同一个星球上居住的人们有如此之大的收入差距物质财富的悬殊实在令人感到吃惊。
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Chapter 19： Capitalism Redefined ＇7：00＇
第十九章： 资本主义被重新定义
HERNANDO DE SOTO； Founder and Director； Institute for Liberty and Democracy； Peru： The problem that's happened over these last years is that somehow or other people who are capitalists in countries like the United States considered the real interlocutors are rich people from developing countries； so they've been touching the wrong constituency。 The constituency of capitalism has always been poor people that are outside the system。 Capitalism is essentially a tool for poor people to prosper。
HERNANDO DE SOTO；创始人和主任自由民主协会，秘鲁：过去几年发生的问题是：美国等资本主义国家的人们认为发展中国家中的富人才是他们的对话者，因此，他们一直在接触错误的群体。资本主义的支持者一直是那些这个体系之外的贫穷人口，而从根本上说，资本主义是使贫穷人口富起来的工具。
NARRATOR： Hernando de Soto is one of the most original economists in the developing world。 An advisor to Mexico； Peru； Egypt； and other countries； he seeks to cut through the old debate about wealth and poverty and reinvent capitalism in the name of the poor。
旁白：Hernando de Soto是发展中国家最有创造性的经济学家之一。作为墨西哥、秘鲁、埃及和其它国家的顾问，他一直致力与打破旧的关于财富和贫困的讨论，并以穷人的名义改造资本主义。
CHARLIE ROSE； Journalist and Talk Show Host： Hernando de Soto has been called the most important economist in the Third World。 He's a champion of market economics and property rights in Latin America。 His new book； The Mystery of Capital； talks about the question of why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else。 Wele。
CHARLIE ROSE，记者，谈话节目主持人：Hernando de Soto曾被成为第三世界最重要的经济学家，他是市场经济学和拉丁美洲贫困人口权利的领袖。在他的最新著作《资本的奥秘》里他谈到了为什么资本主义在西方取得胜利而在世界其它地方遭到失败的原因。欢迎。
HERNANDO DE SOTO： So the important thing about a capitalist system is that it's a system of representations。 Therefore it's a little bit like when I go to the United States。 People ask me for my identity； and I say： "；My identity is me。 I mean； look at my face。 I am Hernando de Soto。"； But the man at the ； "；Look； give me your passport。"；
HERNANDO DE SOTO：关于资本主义体系有一个重要的问题：资本主义是一个代表制体系。因此，有点儿象我到美国来的时候，人们询问我的身份，我说：“我就是我啊，我是说，看看我的脸，我是Hernando de Soto。”但是美国移民局的人说：“给我看看你的护照。”
The reason that things travel so well in the market economy of the United States； and values travel from one place to another； is because they all have passports。 And the real value is like my identity。 It's not in me； it's in my passport。 Real value to pay the hotel room is not in me； it's in the credit card。 And so what happens is that this system by representation； it requires of course that all the representations the credit cards； the passports； the IDs； the property titles； and the shares be anized by a system of law that allows people to be able to trust what they're dealing with。
美国市场经济运转良好以及商品在各地之间流动顺利的原因是：它们都拥有护照。实际的价值就和我的护照一样，而不在于我自己，我的价值在于我的护照，支付旅店费用的实际价值不在于我自己，而在于我的信用卡。事实是：这个体系是个代表制体系，当然要求所有具有代表作用的事物——信用卡、护照、身份证、财产所有权和股票——由一个法律体系来进行组织，此体系使人们能信任他们正在打交道的人。
NARRATOR： In September 2000； de Soto published his explanation of why capitalism hasn't worked for the poor。 He took his message directly to some of Latin America's most remote regions。
旁白：在2000年9月，de Soto发表了一篇文章，对资本主义制度在穷国不起作用的原因进行了解释，他将他的信息直接带到了一些拉美最偏远的地区。
HERNANDO DE SOTO： The reason I'm going to Cajamarca now is because 12 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and 11 years after Peru adopted promarket policies； their situation hasn't got much better； and they want to know why。 The Mystery of Capital offers an explanation。 It says that the system per se works in the West； but that in our country； like in much of the Third World； it isn't functioning because we have missed some of the crucial elements that the Westerners added in the 18th and 19th centuries； like property rights； without which the system cannot function。
HERNANDO DE SOTO：我现在要去Cajamarca的原因是：在柏林墙倒塌12年之后，在秘鲁实施了市场政策11年之后，他们的情况没有什么大的好转，他们想知道原因。《资本的奥秘》提供了一种解释：这个体系在西方基本上运作良好，但在我们的国家，和第三世界的大多数地方，这个体系并不能起到作用，
Onscreen caption： Cajamarca； Peru
字幕：Cajamarca； 秘鲁
NARRATOR： De Soto's book had bee the number one bestseller in Peru's history。 And in poor neighborhoods across the country； this economist had bee a celebrity。
旁白：De Soto的书已经成为秘鲁历史上最畅销的书籍，在全国各个贫穷的地区，这位经济学家也成了名人。
De Soto believes that people are capitalists by nature； but that in the developing world； most are locked out of the capitalist system。
De Soto认为人类具有成为资本家的天性，但在第三世界，大多数国家被隔离于资本主义体系之外。
HERNANDO DE SOTO： Peru； like in every other developing and former munist nation； people on the ground； with or without a property law； have basically agreed on the distribution of assets among themselves。 You go to any of the places we've been to the hinterland of Egypt； of the Philippines； of Haiti； where there is no official law that is actually in place or being enforced； but there is another law in place： You step on somebody's territory； and somebody es up and says； "；Get off my territory；"； where there's a law or no law。 You walk down the street； and you walk into a garden； and the dog starts barking； and you start finding out that that dog is defending a consensually agreed determination of possession rights throughout a certain area。 So there are property systems in place。 The question； I think； the important thing is that they're illegal。 They're extralegal； to be more precise。
HERNANDO DE SOTO：在秘鲁，和在任何其他发展中国家和前共产主义国家一样，没有财产法律，人们基本同意他们之间的财产分配方式。你到我们�