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旁白:与苏联一样,印度也试图采用中央计划的方式来实现其农业经济的工业化进程,并希望消除贫困。而现在,像世界上其他政府主导经济一样,印度也陷入了困境。
YASHWANT SINHA; Indian Finance Minister: The government of India went into business in a big way; and they decided to control whatever was there in the private sector also as firmly and fiercely as they could。
印度财政部长YASHWANT SINHA:印度政府对经济的渗透程度很深,政府决定要尽可能严格和牢固地控制私人部门的一切事务。
NARRATOR: The British raj was gone。 Now people were subjected to the ";Permit Raj;"; because everything needed a government permit。 India became a byword for red tape and bureaucracy。 Businessmen found it almost impossible to get things done。
旁白:英国对印度的统治已经结束了,而印度人又遭受了“许可统治”,因为事无巨细,都必须要经过政府许可。印度成了官僚作风盛行的一个代名词,商人们发现要在印度开展业务几乎是不可能的。
NARAYANA MURTHY; Chairman; Infosys Technologies: It used to take us about 12 to 24 months and about 50 visits to Delhi to get a license to import a puter worth 1;500。
Infosys Technologies公司主席NARAYANA MURTHY:要进口一台价值1500美元的计算机,通常要花费我们12到24个月的时间及大约50人次到新德里去跑批文。
NARRATOR: Since it was impossible to work with the system; people learned to work around it。
旁白:由于无法改变这样的体制,人们开始学会各种各样的变通方法。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM; Indian Finance Minister; 19961998: Every license; every permit; was procured by corrupt means。
印度财政部长(19961998) P。 CHIDAMBARAM:每张执照,每个许可证都是通过腐败的行为获得的。
INTERVIEWER: A bribe?
记者:您是指贿赂?
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Well; ";bribe"; is the simpler word; I suppose。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:哦,我想“贿赂”还只是较轻的字眼。
NARRATOR: Selfsufficiency was India's ideal。 To protect its own manufacturing industry; India shut out foreign imports。
旁白:自给自足是印度的理想,为保护它自己的制造业,印度禁止从国外进口。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Because of this protected market; the Indian people were being given shoddy goods and services at very high prices。 Enterprise was stifled; and growth was crippled。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:由于这样的保护性市场,印度人只能以高昂的价格获得低等的商品和服务,企业缺乏生机,经济增长陷入泥潭。
JAIRAM RAMESH; Indian Government Advisor; 19911998: The economic environment was simply not conducive to efficiency or profitability。 We were in a shortage economy。 My father waited 15 years to buy a car。
印度政府顾问(19911998)JAIRAM RAMESH:很明显,经济环境不利于提高效率和盈利,我们是一个短缺经济。我父亲买一辆汽车排队等了15年时间。
NARRATOR: Take India's beloved Ambassador car。 It is made by Hindustan Motors; which started manufacturing in the same year as Japan's Toyota。 Fifty years later; Toyota makes five million cars a year。 Hindustan sells 18;000 Ambassadors; and still to the same design。
旁白:以印度最受欢迎的“大使” (Ambassador)牌汽车为例,这款汽车是由印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)制造的,与日本的丰田(Toyota)同时期投入的生产,50年后,丰田(Toyota)公司年产汽车500万辆,而印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)的年销量只有18000辆,而且款式设计仍然与50年前一样。
MANMOHAN SINGH; Finance Minister; 19911996: If you have a controlled economy; cut off from the rest of the world by infinite protection; nobody has any incentive to; in a way。。。 nobody has any incentive to increase productivity; to bring new ideas。
财政部长(19911996) 买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):在管制经济中,通过一系列无穷无尽的保护,把自己与外部世界隔绝开来,这样的环境下,没有人会有动力,某种程度上来说…没有人有任何的动力来提高生产率,提供新思路。
NARRATOR: Overprotected; overadministered; overplanned; the Permit Raj was quite literally a brake on the Indian economy。
旁白:过度保护,过度管制,过度计划,许可统治已经明显地成为了印度经济的一个障碍。
Chapter 5: Latin American Dependencia '2:03'
第五章: 拉丁美洲的依赖
Onscreen title: Latin America
字幕标题:拉丁美洲
NARRATOR: In Latin America; radically different leaders shared India's suspicion of the world economy。 In the 1940s and '50s; it was Juan Peron and his wife; Evita。 In the 1960s; it was munist Cuba's charismatic Fidel Castro。 And in the 1970s; it was Chile's Marxist president Salvador Allende。
旁白:在拉丁美洲,一些根本不同的领导人也怀有印度的那种对世界经济的猜疑。在40和50年代,是Juan Peron及其妻子Evita,60年代是古巴共和国的代表人物费德尔。卡斯特罗(Fidel Castro),70年代是智利的马克思主义总统萨尔瓦多。阿兰德(Salvador Allende)。
Though rich in raw materials; Latin America seemed doomed to perpetual poverty。 The dependency theory of economic development seemed to offer a way out。
尽管自然资源丰富,但拉丁美洲却似乎注定长期贫穷,经济发展的依赖理论似乎能够提供一条出路。
DANIEL YERGIN: The dependency theory said that if you want to get high economic growth in your country; what you need to do is put up barriers; tariffs that restrict the flow of import into the country; develop and build your own domestic industries; and that if you don't do that; you're going to be victimized by world trade。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):依赖理论认为,假如你想在你的国家实现高速的经济增长,你必须做的是要建立贸易障碍,设立贸易关税,来限制商品的进口,而发展自己的国内工业体系,如果你不这样做,则你将成为世界贸易的受害者。
The theory was very attractive。 It said you would develop on your own; and you would be more selfsufficient。 The reality is that you cut yourself off from flows of technology; flows of investment; from flows of knowhow; and instead of getting ahead you were falling back。
这个理论非常有吸引力,这个理论说你能仅依靠自己的力量而获得发展,你将会更加自给自足。而事实是,你把你自己与技术流动、资本流动和知识流动隔离了开来,你不但没有取得进步,而且还倒退了。
MOISES NAIM; Editor; Foreign Policy Magazine: Because they are not threatened by petition; you create very lazy; nonpetitive panies that produce not very good goods at higher prices。 It may create jobs here and there; but in the long term it may create even more poverty。
《对外政策》(Foreign Policy)杂志编辑莫伊斯。尼曼(Moises Naim):由于没有竞争的威胁,企业将变得非常懒散,缺乏竞争力,会以高昂的价格生产低质量的产品,这种体制可能会创造一些工作机会,但是从长远来看,它会导致更多的贫困。
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Chapter 6: Counterrevolution in Chile '3:30'
第六章: 智利的反革命
Onscreen title: Santiago; Chile
字幕标题:智利,圣地亚哥
NARRATOR: By the early 1970s; Latin American economies were in trouble。 Chile elected the Marxist president Salvador Allende。 Allende's solution was not less government intervention; but more。 Businesses were nationalized or expropriated。 Price controls were imposed。 Civil unrest grew as the economy spun out of control。
旁白:到70年代初,拉丁美洲经济陷入了困境,智利选举马克思主义者萨尔瓦多。阿兰德(Salvador Allende)为总统。阿兰德的措施不是减少而是进一步加强政府的干预,把企业收归国有或者是没收,实施价格控制。经济衰退失控,国内###也随之而来。
RICARDO LAGOS; President; Chile: We have a tremendous inflation。 Chilean society became extremely polarized。 It's true it was polarized before Allende; but during Allende's period the society was extremely polarized。
智利总统里卡多。罗格斯(Ricado Lagos):通货膨胀非常严重,智利社会矛盾极端激化。在阿兰德(Allende)之前就已经激化了是事实,但在阿兰德时期则激化到了顶峰。
NARRATOR: It all ended in a military coup。 As air force