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＇placed between them＇ is felt ＇by the touch＇ as two； but yet we deny
that it is two； for sight is more authoritative than touch。 Yet； if
touch stood alone； we should actually have pronounced the one object
to be two。 The ground of such false judgements is that any appearances
whatever present themselves； not only when its object stimulates a
sense； but also when the sense by itself alone is stimulated； provided
only it be stimulated in the same manner as it is by the object。 For
example； to persons sailing past the land seems to move； when it is
really the eye that is being moved by something else ＇the moving ship。＇
3
From this it is manifest that the stimulatory movements based upon
sensory impressions； whether the latter are derived from external
objects or from causes within the body； present themselves not only
when persons are awake； but also then； when this affection which is
called sleep has come upon them； with even greater impressiveness。 For
by day； while the senses and the intellect are working together；
they （i。e。 such movements） are extruded from consciousness or
obscured； just as a smaller is beside a larger fire； or as small
beside great pains or pleasures； though； as soon as the latter have
ceased； even those which are trifling emerge into notice。 But by night
＇i。e。 in sleep＇ owing to the inaction of the particular senses； and
their powerlessness to realize themselves； which arises from the
reflux of the hot from the exterior parts to the interior； they
＇i。e。 the above 'movements'＇ are borne in to the head quarters of
sense…perception； and there display themselves as the disturbance
（of waking life） subsides。 We must suppose that； like the little
eddies which are being ever formed in rivers； so the sensory movements
are each a continuous process； often remaining like what they were
when first started； but often； too； broken into other forms by
collisions with obstacles。 This ＇last mentioned point＇； moreover；
gives the reason why no dreams occur in sleep immediately after meals；
or to sleepers who are extremely young； e。g。 to infants。 The
internal movement in such cases is excessive； owing to the heat
generated from the food。 Hence； just as in a liquid； if one vehemently
disturbs it； sometimes no reflected image appears； while at other
times one appears； indeed； but utterly distorted； so as to seem
quite unlike its original； while； when once the motion has ceased； the
reflected images are clear and plain； in the same manner during
sleep the phantasms； or residuary movements； which are based upon
the sensory impressions； become sometimes quite obliterated by the
above described motion when too violent； while at other times the
sights are indeed seen； but confused and weird； and the dreams
＇which then appear＇ are unhealthy； like those of persons who are
atrabilious； or feverish； or intoxicated with wine。 For all such
affections； being spirituous； cause much commotion and disturbance。 In
sanguineous animals； in proportion as the blood becomes calm； and as
its purer are separated from its less pure elements； the fact that the
movement； based on impressions derived from each of the organs of
sense； is preserved in its integrity； renders the dreams healthy；
causes a ＇clear＇ image to present itself； and makes the dreamer think；
owing to the effects borne in from the organ of sight； that he
actually sees； and owing to those which come from the organ of
hearing； that he really hears； and so on with those also which proceed
from the other sensory organs。 For it is owing to the fact that the
movement which reaches the primary organ of sense comes from them；
that one even when awake believes himself to see； or hear； or
otherwise perceive； just as it is from a belief that the organ of
sight is being stimulated； though in reality not so stimulated； that
we sometimes erroneously declare ourselves to see； or that； from the
fact that touch announces two movements； we think that the one
object is two。 For； as a rule； the governing sense affirms the
report of each particular sense； unless another particular sense； more
authoritative； makes a contradictory report。 In every case an
appearance presents itself； but what appears does not in every case
seem real； unless when the deciding faculty is inhibited； or does
not move with its proper motion。 Moreover； as we said that different
men are subject to illusions； each according to the different
emotion present in him； so it is that the sleeper； owing to sleep； and
to the movements then going on in his sensory organs； as well as to
the other facts of the sensory process； ＇is liable to illusion＇； so
that the dream presentation； though but little like it； appears as
some actual given thing。 For when one is asleep； in proportion as most
of the blood sinks inwards to its fountain ＇the heart＇； the internal
＇sensory＇ movements； some potential； others actual accompany it
inwards。 They are so related ＇in general＇ that； if anything move the
blood； some one sensory movement will emerge from it； while if this
perishes another will take its place； while to one another also they
are related in the same way as the artificial frogs in water which
severally rise ＇in fixed succesion＇ to the surface in the order in
which the salt ＇which keeps them down＇ becomes dissolved。 The
residuary movements are like these： they are within the soul
potentially； but actualize themselves only when the impediment to
their doing so has been relaxed； and according as they are thus set
free； they begin to move in the blood which remains in the sensory
organs； and which is now but scanty； while they possess verisimilitude
after the manner of cloud…shapes； which in their rapid metamorphoses
one compares now to human beings and a moment afterwards to
centaurs。 Each of them is however； as has been said； the remnant of
a sensory impression taken when sense was actualizing itself； and when
this； the true impression； has departed； its remnant is still
immanent； and it is correct to say of it； that though not actually
Koriskos； it is like Koriskos。 For when the person was actually
perceiving； his controlling and judging sensory faculty did not call
it Koriskos； but； prompted by this ＇impression＇； called the genuine
person yonder Koriskos。 Accordingly； this sensory impulse； which； when
actually perceiving； it ＇the controlling faculty＇ describes （unless
completely inhibited by the blood）； it now ＇in dreams＇ when
quasi…perceiving； receives from the movements persisting in the
sense…organs； and mistakes it…an impulse that is merely like the
true ＇objective＇ impression…for the true impression itself； while
the effect of sleep is so great that it causes this mistake to pass
unnoticed。 Accordingly； just