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the origins of contemporary france-1-第72章

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to control; and bring all truths within reach of all understandings。



V。  THE ANALYTICAL METHOD。



The analytical method。  … Its principle。  … The conditions requisite

to make it productive。  … These conditions wanting or inadequate in the

18th century。  … The truth and survival of the principle。



Such is the course to be pursued with all the sciences; and

especially with the moral and political sciences。  To consider in turn

each distinct province of human activity; to decompose the leading

notions out of which we form our conceptions; those of religion;

society and government; those of utility; wealth and exchange; those

of justice; right and duty。  To revert to manifest facts; to first

experiences; to the simple circumstances in which the elements of our

ideas are included; to extricate from these the precious lode without

omission or mixture; to recompose our idea with these; to define its

meaning and determine its value; to substitute for the vague and

vulgar notion with which we started out the precise scientific

definition we arrive at; and for the impure metal we received the

refined metal we recovered; constituted the prevalent method taught by

the philosophers under the name of analysis; and which sums up the

whole progress of the century。  … Up to this point; and not farther;

they are right; truth; every truth; is found in observable things; and

only from these can it be derived; there is no other pathway leading

to discovery。…The operation; undoubtedly; is productive only when the

vein is rich; and we possess the means of extracting the ore。  To

obtain a just notion of government; of religion; of right; of wealth;

a man must be a historian beforehand; a jurisconsult and economist;

and have gathered up myriad of facts; and; besides all this; he must

possess a vast erudition; an experienced and professional

perspicacity。  If these conditions are only partially complied with;

the result will only be a half finished product or a doubtful alloy; a

few rough drafts of the sciences; the rudiments of pedagogy as with

Rousseau; of political economy with Quesnay; Smith; and Turgot; of

linguistics with Des Brosses; and of arithmetical morals and criminal

legislation with Bentham。  Finally; if none of these conditions are

complied with; the same efforts will; in the hands of philosophical

amateurs and oratorical charlatans; undoubtedly only produce

mischievous compounds and destructive explosions。  …  Nevertheless

good procedure remains good even when ignorant and the impetuous men

make a bad use of it; and if we of to day resume the abortive effort

of the eighteenth century; it should be within the guidelines they set

out。



_____________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1'。  〃Philosophi? naturalis principia;〃 1687; 〃Optics;〃 1704。



'2' See concerning this development Comte's 〃Philosophie Positive;〃

vol。  I。  …  At the beginning of the eighteenth century; mathematical

instruments are carried to such perfection as to warrant the belief

that all physical phenomena may be analyzed; light; electricity;

sound; crystallization; heat; elasticity; cohesion and other effects

of molecular forces。  …  See 〃Whewell's History of the Inductive

Sciences。  II。; III。



'3' The travels of La Condamine in Peru and of Maupertuis in

Lapland。



'4' Buffon; 〃Théorie de la terre;〃 1749; 〃Epoques de la Nature;〃

1788。  … 〃Carte géologique de l'Auvergne;〃 by Desmarets; 1766。



'5' See a lecture by M。 Lacaze…Duthier on Lamarck; 〃Revue

Scientifique;〃 III。  276…311。



'6' Buffon; 〃Histoire Naturelle; II。  340: 〃All living beings

contain a vast quantity of living and active molecules。  Vegetal and

animal life seem to be only the result of the actions of all the small

lives peculiar to each of the active molecules whose life is

primitive。〃 Cf。  Diderot; 〃Revue d'Alembert。〃



'8' 〃Philosophie de Newton;〃 1738; and 〃Physique;〃 by Voltaire。  …

Cf。  du Bois…Raymond; 〃Voltaire physician;〃 (Revue des Cours

Scientifique; V。  539); and Saigey; 〃la Physique de Voltaire;〃  …  〃Had

Voltaire;〃 writes Lord Brougham; 〃continued to devote himself to

experimental physics he would undoubtedly have inscribed his name

among those of the greatest discoverers of his age。〃



'9' See his 〃Langue des Calculs;〃 and his 〃Art de Raisonner。〃



'10' For a popular exposition of these ideas see Voltaire; passim;

and particularly the 〃Micromégas〃 and 〃Les Oreilles du Comte de

Chesterfield。〃



'11' Cf。  Buffon; ibid。。  I。  31: 〃Those who imagine a reply with

final causes do not reflect that they take the effect for the cause。

The relationship which things bear to us having no influence whatever

on their origin; moral convenience can never become a physical

explanation。〃  …  Voltaire; 〃Candide〃: 〃When His High Mightiness sends

a vessel to Egypt is he in any respect embarrassed about the comfort

of the mice that happen to be aboard of it?〃



'12' Buffon; ibid。  。  〃Supplement;〃 II。  513; IV。  (〃Epoques de la

Nature〃); 65; 167。  According to his experiments with the cooling of a

cannon ball he based the following periods: From the glowing fluid

mass of the planet to the fall of rain 35;000 years。  From the

beginning of life to its actual condition 40;000 years。  From its

actual condition to the entire congealing of it and the extinction of

life 93;000 years。  He gives these figures simply as the minima。  We now

know that they are much too limited。



'13' Buffon; Histoire Naturelle; ib。  I。  12: 〃The first truth

derived from this patient investigation of nature is; perhaps; a

humiliating truth for man; that of taking his place in the order of

animals。〃



'14' Voltaire; 〃Philosophie; Du principe d'action:〃 〃All beings;

without exception; are subject to invariable laws。〃



'15' Voltaire 〃Essay sur les M?urs;〃; chap。  CXLVII。; the summary;

〃The intelligent reader readily perceives that he must believe only in

those great events which appear plausible; and view with pity the

fables with which fanaticism; romantic taste and credulity have at all

times filled the world。〃



'16'  Note this expression;〃 exegetical methods〃。  (Chambers defines

an exegetist as one who interprets or expounds。) Taine refers to

methods which should allow the Jacobins; socialists; communists; and

other ideologists to; from an irrefutable idea or expression; to

deduct; infer; conclude and draw firm and; to them; irrefutable

conclusions。  (SR。)



'17' 〃Traité de Metaphysique;〃 chap。  I。  〃Having fallen on this

little heap of mud; and with no more idea of man than man has of the

inhabitants of Mars and Jupiter; I set foot on the shore of the ocean

of the country of Caffraria and at once began to search for a man。  I

encounter monkeys; elephants and Negroes; with gleams of imperfect

intelligence; etc〃 … The new method is here clearly apparent。



'18' 〃Introduction à l'Essay sur les M?urs: Des Sauvages。〃 …

Buffon; in 〃
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