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the origins of contemporary france-1-第54章

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education methodically; strictly; and with tenderness。  As to the

girls; they were placed in convents; relieved from this care; their

parents only enjoy the greater freedom。  Even when they retain charge

of them they are scarcely more of a burden to them。  Little Fé1icité de

Saint…Aubin'36' sees her parents 〃only on their waking up and at meal

times。〃 Their day is wholly taken up; the mother is making or

receiving visits; the father is in his laboratory or engaged in

hunting。  Up to seven years of age the child passes her time with

chambermaids who teach her only a little catechism; 〃with an infinite

number of ghost stories。〃 About this time she is taken care of; but in

a way which well portrays the epoch。  The Marquise; her mother; the

author of mythological and pastoral operas; has a theater built in the

chateau; a great crowd of company resorts to it from Bourbon…Lancy and

Moulins; after rehearsing twelve weeks the little girl; with a quiver

of arrows and blue wings; plays the part of Cupid; and the costume is

so becoming she is allowed to wear it in common during the entire day

for nine months。  To finish the business they send for a dancing…

fencing master; and; still wearing the Cupid costume; she takes

lessons in fencing and in deportment。  〃The entire winter is devoted to

playing comedy and tragedy。〃 Sent out of the room after dinner; she is

brought in again only to play on the harpsichord or to declaim the

monologue of Alzire before a numerous assembly。  Undoubtedly such

extravagances are not customary; but the spirit of education is

everywhere the same; that is to say; in the eyes of parents there is

but one intelligible and rational existence; that of society; even for

children; and the attentions bestowed on these are solely with a view

to introduce them into it or to prepare them for it。  Even in the last

years of the ancient régime'37' little boys have their hair powdered;

〃a pomatumed chignon (bourse); ringlets; and curls〃; they wear the

sword; the chapeau under the arm; a frill; and a coat with gilded

cuffs; they kiss young ladies' hands with the air of little dandies。  A

lass of six years is bound up in a whalebone waist; her large hoop…

petticoat supports a skirt covered with wreaths; she wears on her head

a skillful combination of false curls; puffs; and knots; fastened with

pins; and crowned with plumes; and so high that frequently 〃the chin

is half way down to her feet〃; sometimes they put rouge on her face。

She is a miniature lady; and she knows it; she is fully up in her

part; without effort or inconvenience; by force of habit; the unique;

the perpetual instruction she gets is that on her deportment; it may

be said with truth that the fulcrum of education in this country is

the dancing…master。'38' They could get along with him without any

others; without him the others were of no use。  For; without him; how

could people go through easily; suitably; and gracefully the thousand

and one actions of daily life; walking; sitting down; standing up;

offering the arm; using the fan; listening and smiling; before eyes so

experienced and before such a refined public? This is to be the great

thing for them when they become men and women; and for this reason it

is the thing of chief importance for them as children。  Along with

graces of attitude and of gesture; they already have those of the mind

and of expression。  Scarcely is their tongue loosened when they speak

the polished language of their parents。  The latter amuse themselves

with them and use them as pretty dolls; the preaching of Rousseau;

which; during the last third of the last century; brought children

into fashion; produces no other effect。  They are made to recite their

lessons in public; to perform in proverbs; to take parts in pastorals。

Their sallies are encouraged。  They know how to turn a compliment; to

invent a clever or affecting repartee; to be gallant; sensitive; and

even spirituelle。  The little Duc d'Angoulême; holding a book in his

hand; receives Suffren; whom he addresses thus: 〃I was reading

Plutarch and his illustrious men。  You could not have entered more

apropos。〃'39' The children of M。 de Sabran; a boy and a girl; one

eight and the other nine; having taken lessons from the comedians

Sainval and Larive; come to Versailles to play before the king and

queen in Voltaire's 〃Oreste;〃 and on the little fellow being

interrogated about the classic authors; he replies to a lady; the

mother of three charming girls; 〃Madame; Anacreon is the only poet I

can think of here!〃 Another; of the same age; replies to a question of

Prince Henry of Prussia with an agreeable impromptu in verse。'40' To

cause witticisms; trivialities; and mediocre verse to germinate in a

brain eight years old; what a triumph for the culture of the day!  It

is the last characteristic of the régime which; after having stolen

man away from public affairs; from his own affairs; from marriage;

from the family; hands him over; with all his sentiments and all his

faculties; to social worldliness; him and all that belong to him。

Below him fine ways and forced politeness prevail; even with his

servants and tradesmen。  A Frontin has a gallant unconstrained air; and

he turns a compliment。'41' An Abigail needs only to be a kept mistress

to become a lady。  A shoemaker is a 〃monsieur in black;〃 who says to a

mother on saluting the daughter; 〃Madame; a charming young person; and

I am more sensible than ever of the value of your kindness;〃 on which

the young girl; just out of a convent; takes him for a suitor and

blushes scarlet。  Undoubtedly less unsophisticated eyes would

distinguish the difference between this pinchbeck louis d'or and a

genuine one; but their resemblance suffices to show the universal

action of the central mint…machinery which stamps both with the same

effigy; the base metal and the refined gold。



IV。  ENJOYMENT。



The charm of this life。  … Etiquette in the 18th Century。  … Its

perfection and its resources。  …Taught and prescribed under feminine

authority。



A society which obtains such ascendancy must possess some charm; in

no country; indeed; and in no age has so perfect a social art rendered

life so agreeable。  Paris is the school…house of Europe; a school of

urbanity to which the youth of Russia; Germany; and England resort to

become civilized。  Lord Chesterfield in his letters never tires of

reminding his son of this; and of urging him into these drawing…rooms;

which will remove 〃his Cambridge rust。〃 Once familiar with them they

are never abandoned; or if one is obliged to leave them; one always

sighs for them。  〃Nothing is comparable;〃 says Voltaire;'42' 〃to the

genial life one leads there in the bosom of the arts and of a calm and

refined voluptuousness; strangers and monarchs have preferred this

repose; so agreeably occupied in it and so enchanting to their own

countries and thrones。  The heart there softens and melts away like

aromatics slowly dissolv
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