按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
〃Dictionnaire philosophique；〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé
Guettée； 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France；〃 XII。 130。
＇24＇。 Those entitled to tithes in cereals。… TR。
＇25＇。 A curate's salary at the present day （1875） is； at the
minimum； 900 francs with a house and perquisites。
＇26＇。 Théron de Montaugé； 〃L'Agriculture les classes rurale； dans
le pays Toulousain；〃 p。 86。
＇27＇。 Périn； 〃la Jeunesse de Robespierre；〃 grievances of the rural
parishes of Artois； p。 320。 Boivin…Champeaux； ibid。。 pp。 65； 68。 …
Hippeau； ibid。。 VI。 p。 79； et VII。 177。 … Letter of M。 Sergent； curate
of Vallers； January 27； 1790。 （Archives nationales； DXIX。 portfolio
24。） Letter of M。 Briscard； curate of Beaumont…la…Roger； diocese of
Evreux； December 19； 1789。 （ibid。。 DXIX。 portfolio 6。） 〃Tableau moral
du clergé de France〃 （1789）； p。 2。
＇28＇。 He who has the right of receiving the first year's income of
a parish church after a vacancy caused by death。… TR。
＇29＇。 One who performs masses for the dead at fixed epochs。… TR。
＇30＇。 Grievances on the additional burdens which the Third…Estate
have to support； by Gautier de Bianzat （1788）； p 237。
＇31＇。 Hippeau； ibid。 VI。 164。 （Letter of the Curate of Marolles and
of thirteen others；。 Letter of the bishop of Evreux； March 20； 1789。
Letter of the abbé d'Osmond； April 2； 1789）。 … Archives nationales；
manuscript documents （proces…verbeaux） of the States…General； V。 148。
pp。 245…47。 Registers of the curates of Toulouse； t。 150； p。 282； in
the representations of the Dijon chapter。
＇32＇。 De Toqueville； book II。 This capital truth as been
established by M。 de Tocqueville with superior discernment。
＇33＇。 A term indicating a certain division of the kingdom of France
to facilitate the collection of taxes。 Each generalship was subdivided
into elections； in which there was a tribunal called the bureau of
finances。 （TR。）
＇34＇。 Remonstrances of Malesherbes； Registers by Turgot and Necker
to the king； （Laboulaye； 〃De l'administration fran？aise sous Louis
XVI； Revue des cours littéraires； IV。 423； 759； 814。）
＇35＇。 Financiers have been known to tell citizens： 〃The ferme （
revenue…agency） ought to be able to grant you favors； you ought to be
forced to come and ask for them。 … He who pays never knows what he
owes。 The fermier is sovereign legislator in matters relating to his
personal interest。 Every petition； in which the interests of a
province； or those of the whole nation are concerned； is regarded as
penal foolhardiness if it is signed by a person in his private
capacity； and as illicit association if it be signed by several。〃
Malesherbes； ibid。。
＇36＇。 Mme。 Campan； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。 p。 13。 … Mme。 du Hausset；
〃Mémoires；〃 p。 114。
＇37＇。 〃Gustave III。 et la cour de France；〃 by Geffroy。 II。 474。
（〃Archives de Dresde；〃 French Correspondence； November 20； 1788。）
＇38＇。 Augeard； 〃Mémoires；〃 p。 135。
＇39＇。 Mme。 de Pompadour； writing to Marshal d'Estrées； in the army；
about the campaign operations； and tracing for him a sort of plan； had
marked on the paper with mouches （face…patches）； the different places
which she advised him to attack or defend。〃 Mme。 de Genlis； 〃Souvenirs
de Félicie；〃 p。 329。 Narrative by Mme。 de Puisieux； the mother…in…law
of Marshal d'Estrées。
＇40＇。 According to the manuscript register of Mme。 de Pompadour's
expenses； in the archives of the préfecture of Versailles； she had
expended 36；327；268 livres。 （Granier de Cassagnac； I。 91。）
＇41＇。 D'Argenson； 〃Mémoires；〃 VI。 398 （April 24； 1751）。 … 〃M。 du
Barry declared openly that he had consumed 18；000；000 belonging to the
State。〃 （Correspondence by Métra； I。 27）。
＇42＇。 〃Marie Antoinette；〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy； vol。 II。 p。 168
（June 5； 1774）。
＇43＇。 〃Marie Antoinette；〃 ibid。。 vol。 II。 p。 377； vol。 III。 p。 391。
＇44＇。 Archives nationales； H； 1456； Memoir for M。 Bouret de
Vezelay； syndic for the creditors。
＇45＇。 Marquis de Mirabeau； 〃Traité de la population；〃 p。 81。
＇46＇ Today； our so…called popular democracies have become completely
irresponsible since the elected； who have full access to the coffers
of the nation； present and future； and who； through alternation and
short duration of tenure； are encouraged to become irresponsible；
will use large amounts to be favorably exposed in the media and to
avoid any kind of mudslinging。 They seem to govern their countries
according to the devise： 〃After me the deluge。〃 （SR。）
＇47＇。 Lord； in Old Saxon； signifies 〃he who provides food；〃
seignior； in the Latin of the middle ages； signifies 〃the ancient；〃
the head or chief of the flock。
＇48＇。 Around 1780。 （SR。）
BOOK SECOND。 MORALS AND CHARACTERS。
CHAPTER I。 MORAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME。
The Court and a life of pomp and parade。
A military staff on furlough for a century and more； around a
commander…in…chief who gives fashionable entertainment； is the
principle and summary of the habits of society under the ancient
régime。 Hence； if we seek to comprehend them we must first study them
at their center and their source； that is to say； in the court itself。
Like the whole ancient régime the court is the empty form； the
surviving adornment of a military institution； the causes of which
have disappeared while the effects remain； custom surviving utility。
Formerly； in the early times of feudalism； in the companionship and
simplicity of the camp and the castle； the nobles served the king with
their own hands。 One providing for his house； another bringing a dish
to his table； another disrobing him at night； and another looking
after his falcons and horses。 Still later； under Richelieu and during
the Fronde；＇1＇ amid the sudden attacks and the rude exigencies of
constant danger they constitute the garrison of his lodgings； forming
an armed escort for him； and a retinue of ever…ready swordsmen。 Now as
formerly they are equally assiduous around his person； wearing their
swords； awaiting a word； and eager to his bidding； while those of
highest rank seemingly perform domestic service in his household。
Pompous parade； however； has been substituted for efficient service；
they are elegant adornments only and no longer useful tools； they act
along with the king who is himself an actor； their persons serving as
royal decoration。
I。 Versailles。
The Physical aspect and the moral character of Versailles。
It must be admitted that the decoration is successful； and； that
since the fêtes of the Italian Renaissance； more magnificent displays
have not been seen。 Let us follow the file of carriages which； from
Paris to Versailles； rolls steadily along like a river。 Certain horses
called 〃des enragés；〃 fed in a particular way； go and come in three
hours。＇2＇ One feels； at the first glance； as if he were in a city of a
particular stamp；