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living society; in France'48' its mechanical framework encloses only
so many human particles。 We still find the material order; but we no
longer find the moral order of things。 A lingering; deep…seated
revolution has destroyed the close hierarchical union of recognized
supremacies and of voluntary deference。 It is like an army in which
the attitudes of chiefs and subordinates have disappeared; grades are
indicated by uniforms only; but they have no hold on consciences。 All
that constitutes a well…founded army; the legitimate ascendancy of
officers; the justified trust of soldiers; the daily interchange of
mutual obligations; the conviction of each being useful to all; and
that the chiefs are the most useful all; is missing。 How could it be
otherwise in an army whose staff…officers have no other occupation but
to dine out; to display their epaulettes and to receive double pay?
Long before the final crash France is in a state of dissolution; and
she is in a state of dissolution because the privileged classes had
forgotten their characters as public men。
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Notes:
'1'。 〃Rapport de l'agence du clergé;〃 from 1775 to 1780; pp。 31…
34。 … Ibid。 from 1780 to 1785; p。 237。
'2'。 Lanfrey; 〃L'Eglise et les philosophes;〃 passim。
'3'。 Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。 205; 207。 …
D'Argenson 〃Mémoires;〃 May 5; 1752; September 3; 22; 25; 1753;
October 17; 1753; and October 26; 1775。 … Prudhomme; 〃Résumé général
des cahiers des Etats…Généraux;〃 1789; (Registers of the Clergy)。
〃Histoire des églises du désert;〃 par Charles Coquerel; I。 151 and
those following。
'4'。 De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 vol。 I。 pp。 16; 41。 … De Bouillé;
〃Mémoires;〃 p。 54。 … Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。 I。 p。 237; proofs in
detail。
'5'。 Somewhat like the socialist societies including the welfare
states where a caste of public pensionaries; functionaries; civil
servants and politicians weigh like a heavy burden on those who
actually do the work。。 (SR。)
'6'。 An antechamber in the palace of Versailles in which there was
a round or bull's…eye window; where courtiers assembled to await the
opening of the door into the king's apartment。 … TR。
'7'。 〃La France ecclésiastique;〃 1788。
'8'。 Grannier de Cassagnac; 〃Des causes de la Rèvolution
Fran?aise;〃 III。 58。
'9'。 Marmontel; 〃Mémoires;〃 。 II。 book XIII。 p。 221。
'10'。 Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。 55; 248。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Considérations sur le gouvermement de la France;〃 p。 177。
De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIII。 226; XIV。 287; XIII。 33; 158; 162; 118;
233; 237; XV。 268; XVI。 304。 … The government of Ham is worth 11;250
livres; that of Auxerre 12;000; that of Brian?on 12;000; that of the
islands of Ste。 Marguerite 16;000 ; that of Schelestadt 15;000; that
of Brisach from 15 to 16;000 ; that of Gravelines 18;000。 … The
ordinance of 1776 had reduced these various places as follows:
(Warroquier; II; 467)。 18 general governments to 60;000 livres; 21 to
30;000; 114 special governments; 25 to 12;000 livres; 25 to 10;000 and
64 to 8;000; 176 lieutenants and commandants of towns; places; etc。;
of which 35 were reduced to 16;600 and 141 from 2;000 to 6;000。 … The
ordinance of 1788 established; besides these; 17 commands in chief
with from 20;000 to 30;000 livres fixed salary and from 4;000 to 6;000
a month for residence; and commands of a secondary grade。
'11'。 Somewhat like a minister of culture in one of our western
Welfare Social democracies; and which secures the support for the
ruling class of a horde of 〃artists〃 of all sorts。 (SR。)
'12'。 Archives nationales; H; 944; April 25; and September 20;
1780。 Letters and Memoirs of Furgole; advocate at Toulouse。
'13'。 Archives nationales; O1; 738 (Reports made to the bureau…
general of the king's household; March; 1780; by M。 Mesnard de
Chousy)。 Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 97。 … Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 291。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 February 10; December 9; 1751; … 〃Essai sur
les capitaineries royales et autres〃 (1789); p。 80。 … Warroquier;
〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 I。 266。
'14'。 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。 377。
'15'。 1 crown (écu) equals 6 livres under Louis XV。 (SR。)
'16'。 Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 296; 298; 300; 301; III。 78。 …
Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。 171 (Letter from Paris;
December 13; 1780)。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 5; 1755。 …
Bachaumont; January 19; 1758。 … 〃Mémoire sur l'imposition
territoriale;〃 by M。 de Calonne (1787); p。 54。
'17'。 D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 December 9; 1751。 〃The expense to
courtiers of two new and magnificent coats; each for two fête days;
ordered by the king; completely ruins them。〃
'18'。 De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIV。 pp。 147…295; XV。 36; 119。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 April 8; 1752; March 30 and July 28; 1753;
July 2; 1735; June 23; 1756。 … Hippeau; ibid。。 IV。 p。 153 (Letter of
May 15; 1780)。 … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。 pp。
265; 269; 270; 271; 228。 … Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p 249。
'19'。 Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI。;〃 p。 228。 Appropriations
in the Red Book of 1774 to 1789: 227;985;716 livres; of which
80;000;000 are in acquisitions and gifts to the royal family。 … Among
others there are 14;600;000 to the Comte d'Artois and 14;450;000 to
Monsieur。 … 7;726;253 are given to the Queen for Saint…Cloud。 …
8;70;000 for the acquisition of Ile…Adam。
'20'。 Cf 。 〃Compte général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er
Mai; 1789〃 (Imprimerie royale; 1789; in 4to)。 Estate of Ile…Dieu;
acquired in 1783 of the Duc de Mortemart; 1;000;000; estate of
Viviers; acquired of the Prince de Soubise in 1784; 1;500;000。 …
Estates of St。 Priest and of St。 Etienne; acquired in 1787 of M。
Gilbert des Voisins; 1;335;935。 … The forests of Camors and of
Floranges; acquired of the Duc de Liancourt in 1785; 1;200;000。 … The
county of Montgommery; acquired of M。 Clement de Basville in 1785;
3;306;604。
'21'。 〃Le President des Brosses;〃 by Foisset。 (Remonstrances to the
king by the Parliament of Dijon; Jan。 19; 1764)。
'22'。 Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau。〃 Letter of the
bailiff; May 26; 1781。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。 156; 157; 160;
76; VI。 p。 320。 … Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 9。 … De Ferrières;
〃Mémoires;〃 preface。 See; on the difficulty in succeeding; the Memoirs
of Dumourier。 Chateaubriand's father is likewise one of the
discontented; 〃a political frondeur; and very inimical to the court。〃
(I。 206)。 … Records of the States…General of 1789; a general summary
by Prud'homme; II。 passim。
'23'。 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 II。 202; 203。 … Voltaire;
〃Dictionnaire philosophique;〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé
Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃 XII。 130。