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strangers from everywhere; armed with clubs; ragged; 。 。 。 some almost
naked; others oddly dressed〃 in incongruous patches and 〃frightful to
look at;〃 constitute the riotous chiefs or their subordinates; at six
francs per head; behind which the people are to march。
〃At Paris;〃 says Mercier;'50' 〃the people are weak; pallid;
diminutive; stunted;〃 maltreated; 〃and; apparently; a class apart from
other classes in the country。 The rich and the great who possess
equipages; enjoy the privilege of crushing them or of mutilating them
in the streets。 。 。 There is no convenience for pedestrians; no side…
walks。 Hundred victims die annually under the carriage wheels。〃 〃I
saw;〃 says Arthur Young; 〃a poor child run over and probably killed;
and have been myself several times been covered from head to toe with
the water from the gutter。 Should young (English) noblemen drive along
London streets without sidewalks; in the same manner as their equals
in Paris; they would speedily and justly get very well thrashed and
rolled in the gutter。〃
Mercier grows uneasy in the face of the immense populace:
〃In Paris there are; probably; 200;000 persons with no property
intrinsically worth fifty crowns; and yet the city subsists!〃
Order; consequently; is maintained only through fear and by force;
owing to the soldiery of the watch who are called tristes…à…patte by
the crowd。 〃This nick name enrages this species of militia; who then
deal heavier blows around them; wounding indiscriminately all they
encounter。 The low class is always ready to make war on them because
it has never been fairly treated by them。〃 In fact; 〃a squad of the
guard often scatters; with no trouble; crowds of five or six hundred
men; at first greatly excited; but melting away in the twinkling of an
eye; after the soldiery have distributed a few blows and handcuffed
two or three of the ringleaders。〃 … Nevertheless; 〃were the people
of Paris abandoned to their true inclinations; did they not feel the
horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there
would be no limits to their disorder。 The populace; delivered from its
customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a
stamp as not to know when to stop。 。 。 As long as white bread
lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'
must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain
tranquil。 。 。 Should white bread be wanting for two market days in
succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to
foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to
escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves
to be wanting throughout France。
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Notes:
'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。 In the Toulousain ten parishes
out of fifty have schools。 … In Gascony; says the ass。 prov。 of Auch
(p。 24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or
parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only
three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;
twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。 〃In the
country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in
solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three
times a week。 (Arthur Young; I。 257)。
'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。
'3' Archives nationales; G。 300; letter of an excise director at
Coulommiers; Aug。 13; 1781。
'4' D'Argenson; VI。 425 (June 16; 1751)。
'5' De Montlosier; I。 102; 146。
'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。
'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。 448。
'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。 7 (report by the
agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)
'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。 69; April 29; 1789。
'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 83。
'11' De Vaublanc; 209。
'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724
… Valence; 1755)。 French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an
enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by
the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。
(SR。)
'13' Arthur Young; I。 283 (Aug。 13; 1789); I。 289 (Aug。 19; 1789)。
'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。 Letters respectively of M。 de
Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April
2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。 〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is
interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃
'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。 Des classes rurales;〃 495。 (Letter of Aug。 3;
1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。
'16' Archives nationales; H。 1453。 (Letter of Aug。 3; 1789; to M。
de Clermont…Tonnere)。
'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 D'Orléanais;〃 p。 296。〃Distrusts
still prevails throughout the rural districts。 。 。 Your first orders
for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in certain
quarters。〃
'18' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 186。
'19' Mme。 Vigée…Lebrun; I。 158; (1788); I。 183 (1789)。
'20' Archives nationals; H。 723。 (Letter of M。 de Caumartin;
intendant at Besan?on; Dec。 5; 1788)。
'21' D'Argenson; March 13; 1752。
'22' 〃Corresp。;〃 of Métra; V; 179 (November 22; 1777)。
'23' Beugnot; I。 142。 〃No inhabitant of the barony of Choiseul
mingled with any of the bands composed of the patriots of Montigny;
smugglers and outcasts of the neighborhood。〃 … See; on the poachers of
the day; 〃Les deux amis de Bourbonne;〃 by Diderot。
'24' De Calonne; 〃Mémoires presentés à l'ass。 des notables;〃 No。 8。
… Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 I。 195。
'25' Letrosne; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 59。
'26' Archives nationales; H。 426。 (Mémoires of the farmers…general;
Jan。 13; 1781; Sept。 15; 1782)。 H; 614。 (Letter of M。 de Coetlosquet;
April 25; 1777)。 H; 1431。 Report by the farmers…general; March 9;
1787。
'27' Archives nationales; H; 1453。 Letter of the Baron de Bezenval;
June 19; 1789。
'28' 〃Mandrin;〃 by Paul Simian; passim。 … 〃Histoire de Beaume;〃
by Rossignol; p。 453。 … 〃Mandrin;〃 by Ch。 Jarrin (1875)。 Major Fisher;
who attacks and disperses the gang; writes that the affair is urgent
since; 〃higher to the North near Forez; one can find two or three
hundred vagrants who only wait for a chance to unite with them。〃
(p。47。)
'29' Mercier; XI。 116。
'30' See above; book I。 p。 55。
'31' Letrosne; ibid。 (1779); p。 539。
'32' Archives nationales; F16; 965; and H; 892。 (Ordinance of
August 4 1764; a circular of instructions of July 20; 1767; a letter
of a police lieutenant of Toulouse; September 21; 1787)。
'33' Archives nationales; H; 724; H; 554; F4 2397; F16 965。 …
Letters of the jailers of Carcassonne (June 22; 1789); of Béziers
(July 19; 1786); of Nimes (July 1; 1786); of the intendant; M。 d'A