按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
ngthened。 That at a subsequent period the policy of the party had the same general tendency； is well shown by a remark of Mr Green concerning the period of Whig power after the death of Anne：
〃Before the fifty years of their rule had passed； Englishmen had forgotten that it was possible to persecute for differences of religion； or to put down the liberty of the press； or to tamper with the administration of justice； or to rule without a Parliament。〃 Short History； p。 705。 ＇J。 R。 Green； Short History of the English People； London； 1874。 The （later） editions which I have been able to consult have 'opinion' in place of 'religion'。＇
And now； passing over the war…period which closed the last century and began this； during which that extension of individual freedom previously gained was lost； and the retrograde movement towards the social type proper to militancy was shown by all kinds of coercive measures； from those which took by force the persons and property of citizens for war…purposes to those which suppressed public meetings and sought to gag the press； let us recall the general characters of those changes effected by Whigs or Liberals after the reestablishment of peace permitted revival of the industrial regime and return to its appropriate type of structure。 Under growing Whig influence there came repeal of the laws forbidding combinations among artisans； as well as of those which interfered with their freedom of travelling。 There was the measure by which； under Whig pressure； Dissenters were allowed to believe as they pleased without suffering certain civil penalties； and there was the Whig measure； carried by Tories under compulsion； which enabled Catholics to profess their religion without losing part of their freedom。 The area of liberty was extended by Acts which forbade the buying of negroes and the holding of them in bondage。 The East India Company's monopoly was abolished； and trade with the East made open to all。 The political serfdom of the unrepresented was narrowed in area； both by the Reform Bill and the Municipal Reform Bill； so that alike generally and locally； the many were less under the coercion of the few。 Dissenters； no longer obliged to submit to the ecclesiastical form of marriage； were made free to wed by a purely civil rite。 Later came diminution and removal of restraints on the buying of foreign commodities and the employment of foreign vessels and foreign sailors； and later still the removal of those burdens on the press which were originally imposed to hinder the diffusion of opinion。 And of all these changes it is unquestionable that； whether made or not by Liberals themselves； they were made in conformity with principles professed and urged by Liberals。 But why do I enumerate facts so well known to all？ Simply because； as intimated at the outset； it seems needful to remind everybody what Liberalism was in the past； that they may perceive its unlikeness to the so…called Liberalism of the present。 It would be inexcusable to name these various measures for the purpose of pointing out the character common to them； were it not that in our day men have forgotten their common character。 They do not remember that； in one or other way； all these truly Liberal changes diminished compulsory co…operation throughout social life and increased voluntary cooperation。 They have forgotten that； in one direction or other； they diminished the range of governmental authority； and increased the area within which each citizen may act unchecked。 They have lost sight of the truth that in past times Liberalism habitually stood for individual freedom versus State…coercion。 And now comes the inquiry How is it that Liberals have lost sight of this？ How is it that Liberalism； getting more and more into power； has grown more and more coercive in its legislation？ How is it that； either directly through its own majorities or indirectly through aid given in such cases to the majorities of its opponents； Liberalism has to an increasing extent adopted the policy of dictating the actions of citizens； and； by consequence； diminishing the range throughout which their actions remain free？ How are we to explain this spreading confusion of thought which has led it； in pursuit of what appears to be public good； to invert the method by which in earlier days it achieved public good？ Unaccountable as at first sight this unconscious change of policy seems； we shall find that it has arisen quite naturally。 Given the unanalytical thought ordinarily brought to bear on political matters； and； under existing conditions； nothing else was to be expected。 To make this clear some parenthetic explanations are needful。
From the lowest to the highest creatures； intelligence progresses by acts of discrimination； and it continues so to progress among men； from the most ignorant to the most cultured。 To class rightly to put in the same group things which are of essentially the same natures； and in other groups things of natures essentially different is the fundamental condition to right guidance of actions。 Beginning with rudimentary vision； which gives warning that some large opaque body is passing near （just as closed eyes turned to the window； perceiving the shade caused by a hand put before them； tells us of something moving in front）； the advance is to developed vision； which； by exactly…appreciated combinations of forms； colours； and motions； identifies objects at great distances as prey or enemies； and so makes it possible to improve the adjustments of conduct for securing food or evading death。 That progressing perception of differences and consequent greater correctness of classing； constitutes； under one of its chief aspects； the growth of intelligence； is equally seen when we pass from the relatively simple physical vision to the relatively complex intellectual vision the vision through the agency of which； things previously grouped by certain eternal resemblances or by certain extrinsic circumstances； come to be more truly grouped in conformity with their intrinsic structures or natures。 Undeveloped intellectual vision is just as indiscriminating and erroneous in its classings as undeveloped physical vision。 Instance the early arrangement of plants into the groups； trees； shrubs； and herbs： size； the most conspicuous trait； being the ground of distinction； and the assemblages formed being such as united many plants extremely unlike in their natures； and separated others that are near akin。 Or still better； take the popular classification which puts together under the same general name； fish and shell…fish； and under the sub…name； shell…fish； puts together crustaceans and molluscs； nay； which goes further； and regards as fish the cetacean mammals。 Partly because of the likeness in their modes of life as inhabiting the water； and partly because of some general resemblance in their flavours； creatures that are in their essential natures far more widely separated than a fish is from a bird； are associated in the same class and in the same sub…class。 Now the general truth thus exemplified； holds throughout those higher ranges of intellectual vision concerned with things not presentable to the senses； a