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ated by the Industrial Dwellings Acts admits of development； and will develop。 Where municipal bodies turn housebuilders； they inevitably lower the values of houses otherwise built； and check the supply of more。 Every dictation respecting modes of building and conveniences to be provided； diminishes the builder's profit； and prompts him to use his capital where the profit is not thus diminished。 So； too； the owner； already finding that small houses entail much labour and many losses already subject to troubles of inspection and interference； and to consequent costs； and having his property daily rendered a more undesirable investment； is prompted to sell； and as buyers are for like reasons deterred； he has to sell at a loss。 And now these still…multiplying regulations； ending； it may be； as Lord Grey proposes； in one requiring the owner to maintain the salubrity of his houses by evicting dirty tenants； and thus adding to his other responsibilities that of inspector of nuisances； must further prompt sales and further deter purchasers： so necessitating greater depreciation。 What must happen？ The multiplication of houses； and especially small houses； being increasingly checked； there must come an increasing demand upon the local authority to make up for the deficient supply。 More and more the municipal or kindred body will have to build houses； or to purchase houses rendered unsaleable to private persons in the way shown houses which； greatly lowered in value as they must become； it will； in many cases； pay to buy rather than to build new ones。 Nay； this process must work in a double way； since every entailed increase of local taxation still further depreciates property。（9*） And then； when in towns this process has gone so far as to make the local authority the chief owner of houses； there will be a good precedent for publicly providing houses for the rural population； as proposed in the Radical programme；（10*） and as urged by the Democratic Federation； which insists on 〃the compulsory construction of healthy artisans' and agricultural labourers' dwellings in proportion to the population。〃 Manifestly； the tendency of that which has been done； is being done； and is presently to be done； is to approach the socialistic ideal in which the community is sole house…proprietor。 Such； too； must be the effect of the daily…growing policy on the tenure and utilization of the land。 More numerous public benefits； to be achieved by more numerous public agencies； at the cost of augmented public burdens； must increasingly deduct from the returns on land； until； as the depreciation in value becomes greater and greater； the resistance to change of tenure becomes less and less。 Already； as every one knows； there is in many places difficulty in obtaining tenants； even at greatly reduced rents； and land of inferior fertility in some cases lies idle； or when farmed by the owner is often farmed at a loss。 Clearly the profit on capital invested in land is not such that taxes； local and general； can be greatly raised to support extended public administrations； without an absorption of it which will prompt owners to sell； and make the best of what reduced price they can get by emigrating and buying land not subject to heavy burdens； as； indeed； some are now doing。 This process； carried far； must have the result of throwing inferior land out of cultivation； after which there will be raised more generally the demand made by Mr Arch； who； addressing the Radical Association of Brighton lately； and contending that existing landlords do not make their land adequately productive for the public benefit； said 〃he should like the present Government to pass a Compulsory Cultivation Bill：〃 an applauded proposal which he justified by instancing compulsory vaccination （thus frustrating the influence of precedent）。 And this demand will be pressed； not only by the need for making the land productive； but also by the need for employing the rural population。 After the Government has extended the practice of hiring the unemployed to work on deserted lands； or lands acquired at nominal prices； there will be reached a stage whence there is but a small further step to that arrangement which； in the programme of the Democratic Federation； is to follow nationalization of the land the 〃organization of agricultural and industrial armies under State control on cooperative principles。〃 To one who doubts whether such a revolution may be so reached； facts may be cited showing its likelihood。 In Gaul； during the decline of the Roman Empire； 〃so numerous were the receivers in comparison with the payers； and so enormous the weight of taxation； that the labourer broke down； the plains became deserts； and woods grew where the plough had been。〃（11*） In like manner； when the French Revolution was approaching； the public burdens had become such； that many farms remained uncultivated and many were deserted： one…quarter of the soil was absolutely lying waste； and in some provinces one…half was in health。（12*） Nor have we been without incidents of a kindred nature at home。 Besides the facts that under the old Poor Law the rates had in some parishes risen to half the rental； and that in various places farms were lying idle； there is the fact that in one case the rates had absorbed the whole proceeds of the soil。
At Cholesbury； in Buckinghamshire； in 1832； the poor…rate 〃suddenly ceased in consequence of the impossibility to continue its collection； the landlords having given up their rents； the farmers their tenancies； and the clergyman his glebe and his tithes。 The clergyman； Mr Jeston； states that in October； 1832； the parish officers threw up their books； and the poor assembled in a body before his door while he was in bed； asking for advice and food。 Partly from his own small means； partly from the charity of neighbours； and partly by rates in aid； imposed on the neighbouring parishes； they were for some time supported。〃（13*）
And the Commissioners add that 〃the benevolent rector recommends that the whole of the land should be divided among the able…bodied paupers：〃 hoping that after help afforded for two years； they might be able to maintain themselves。 These facts； giving colour to the prophecy made in Parliament that continuance of the old Poor Law for another thirty years would throw the land out of cultivation； clearly show that increase of public burdens may end in forced cultivation under public control。 Then； again； comes State…ownership of railways。 Already this exists to a large extent on the Continent。 Already we have had here a few years ago loud advocacy of it。 And now the cry； which was raised by sundry politicians and publicists； is taken up afresh by the Democratic Federation； which proposes 〃State…appropriation of railways； with or without compensation。〃 Evidently； pressure from above joined by pressure from below； is likely to effect this change dictated by the policy everywhere spreading； and with it must come many attendant changes。 For railway…proprietors； at first owners and workers of railways only； have become masters of numerous businesses directly or indirectly connected with railways； and these will have to be purchased by Government when the rail