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wers of vegetation languish； the soil becomes poor； and the plants that survive have a sickly growth。 Nowhere have the great convulsions of the globe left more evident traces than in the valley of the Mississippi； the whole aspect of the country shows the powerful effects of water； both by its fertility and by its barrenness。 The waters of the primeval ocean accumulated enormous beds of vegetable mould in the valley； which they levelled as they retired。 Upon the right shore of the river are seen immense plains； as smooth as if the husbandman had passed over them with his roller。 As you approach the mountains the soil becomes more and more unequal and sterile； the ground is； as it were； pierced in a thousand places by primitive rocks； which appear like the bones of a skeleton whose flesh is partly consumed。 The surface of the earth is covered with a granite sand and huge irregular masses of stone； among which a few plants force their growth； and give the appearance of a green field covered with the ruins of a vast edifice。 These stones and this sand discover； on examination； a perfect analogy with those which compose the arid and broken summits of the Rocky Mountains。 The flood of waters which washed the soil to the bottom of the valley afterwards carried away portions of the rocks themselves； and these； dashed and bruised against the neighboring cliffs； were left scattered like wrecks at their feet。 *d The valley of the Mississippi is； upon the whole； the most magnificent dwelling…place prepared by God for man's abode； and yet it may be said that at present it is but a mighty desert。
＇Footnote d： See Appendix； A。＇
On the eastern side of the Alleghanies； between the base of these mountains and the Atlantic Ocean； there lies a long ridge of rocks and sand； which the sea appears to have left behind as it retired。 The mean breadth of this territory does not exceed one hundred miles； but it is about nine hundred miles in length。 This part of the American continent has a soil which offers every obstacle to the husbandman； and its vegetation is scanty and unvaried。
Upon this inhospitable coast the first united efforts of human industry were made。 The tongue of arid land was the cradle of those English colonies which were destined one day to become the United States of America。 The centre of power still remains here； whilst in the backwoods the true elements of the great people to whom the future control of the continent belongs are gathering almost in secrecy together。
When the Europeans first landed on the shores of the West Indies； and afterwards on the coast of South America； they thought themselves transported into those fabulous regions of which poets had sung。 The sea sparkled with phosphoric light； and the extraordinary transparency of its waters discovered to the view of the navigator all that had hitherto been hidden in the deep abyss。 *e Here and there appeared little islands perfumed with odoriferous plants； and resembling baskets of flowers floating on the tranquil surface of the ocean。 Every object which met the sight； in this enchanting region； seemed prepared to satisfy the wants or contribute to the pleasures of man。 Almost all the trees were loaded with nourishing fruits； and those which were useless as food delighted the eye by the brilliancy and variety of their colors。 In groves of fragrant lemon…trees； wild figs； flowering myrtles； acacias； and oleanders； which were hung with festoons of various climbing plants； covered with flowers； a multitude of birds unknown in Europe displayed their bright plumage； glittering with purple and azure； and mingled their warbling with the harmony of a world teeming with life and motion。 *f Underneath this brilliant exterior death was concealed。 But the air of these climates had so enervating an influence that man； absorbed by present enjoyment； was rendered regardless of the future。
＇Footnote e： Malte Brun tells us （vol。 v。 p。 726） that the water of the Caribbean Sea is so transparent that corals and fish are discernible at a depth of sixty fathoms。 The ship seemed to float in air； the navigator became giddy as his eye penetrated through the crystal flood； and beheld submarine gardens； or beds of shells； or gilded fishes gliding among tufts and thickets of seaweed。＇
＇Footnote f： See Appendix； B。＇
North America appeared under a very different aspect； there everything was grave； serious； and solemn： it seemed created to be the domain of intelligence； as the South was that of sensual delight。 A turbulent and foggy ocean washed its shores。 It was girt round by a belt of granite rocks； or by wide tracts of sand。 The foliage of its woods was dark and gloomy； for they were composed of firs； larches； evergreen oaks； wild olive…trees； and laurels。 Beyond this outer belt lay the thick shades of the central forest； where the largest trees which are produced in the two hemispheres grow side by side。 The plane； the catalpa； the sugar… maple； and the Virginian poplar mingled their branches with those of the oak； the beech； and the lime。 In these； as in the forests of the Old World； destruction was perpetually going on。 The ruins of vegetation were heaped upon each other； but there was no laboring hand to remove them； and their decay was not rapid enough to make room for the continual work of reproduction。 Climbing plants； grasses； and other herbs forced their way through the mass of dying trees； they crept along their bending trunks； found nourishment in their dusty cavities； and a passage beneath the lifeless bark。 Thus decay gave its assistance to life； and their respective productions were mingled together。 The depths of these forests were gloomy and obscure； undirected in their course by human industry； preserved in them a constant moisture。 It was rare to meet with flowers； wild fruits； or birds beneath their shades。 The fall of a tree overthrown by age； the rushing torrent of a cataract； the lowing of the buffalo； and the howling of the wind were the only sounds which broke the silence of nature。
To the east of the great river； the woods almost disappeared； in their stead were seen prairies of immense extent。 Whether Nature in her infinite variety had denied the germs of trees to these fertile plains； or whether they had once been covered with forests； subsequently destroyed by the hand of man； is a question which neither tradition nor scientific research has been able to resolve。
These immense deserts were not； however； devoid of human inhabitants。 Some wandering tribes had been for ages scattered among the forest shades or the green pastures of the prairie。 From the mouth of the St。 Lawrence to the delta of the Mississippi； and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean； these savages possessed certain points of resemblance which bore witness of their common origin； but at the same time they differed from all other known races of men： *g they were neither white like the Europeans； nor yellow like most of the Asiatics； nor black like the negroes。 Their skin was reddish brown； their hair long and shining； their lips thin； and their cheekbones very prominent。 The languages spoken by the North American tribes are various as far as regarded th