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mportance of the ends they have in view； but that devotion to the common weal which is the surest check on destructive passions is not stronger in a large than in a small republic。 It might； indeed； be proved without difficulty that it is less powerful and less sincere。 The arrogance of wealth and the dejection of wretchedness； capital cities of unwonted extent； a lax morality； a vulgar egotism； and a great confusion of interests； are the dangers which almost invariably arise from the magnitude of States。 But several of these evils are scarcely prejudicial to a monarchy； and some of them contribute to maintain its existence。 In monarchical States the strength of the government is its own； it may use； but it does not depend on； the community； and the authority of the prince is proportioned to the prosperity of the nation； but the only security which a republican government possesses against these evils lies in the support of the majority。 This support is not； however； proportionably greater in a large republic than it is in a small one； and thus； whilst the means of attack perpetually increase both in number and in influence； the power of resistance remains the same； or it may rather be said to diminish； since the propensities and interests of the people are diversified by the increase of the population； and the difficulty of forming a compact majority is constantly augmented。 It has been observed； moreover； that the intensity of human passions is heightened； not only by the importance of the end which they propose to attain； but by the multitude of individuals who are animated by them at the same time。 Every one has had occasion to remark that his emotions in the midst of a sympathizing crowd are far greater than those which he would have felt in solitude。 In great republics the impetus of political passion is irresistible； not only because it aims at gigantic purposes； but because it is felt and shared by millions of men at the same time。
It may therefore be asserted as a general proposition that nothing is more opposed to the well…being and the freedom of man than vast empires。 Nevertheless it is important to acknowledge the peculiar advantages of great States。 For the very reason which renders the desire of power more intense in these communities than amongst ordinary men； the love of glory is also more prominent in the hearts of a class of citizens； who regard the applause of a great people as a reward worthy of their exertions； and an elevating encouragement to man。 If we would learn why it is that great nations contribute more powerfully to the spread of human improvement than small States； we shall discover an adequate cause in the rapid and energetic circulation of ideas； and in those great cities which are the intellectual centres where all the rays of human genius are reflected and combined。 To this it may be added that most important discoveries demand a display of national power which the Government of a small State is unable to make； in great nations the Government entertains a greater number of general notions； and is more completely disengaged from the routine of precedent and the egotism of local prejudice； its designs are conceived with more talent； and executed with more boldness。
In time of peace the well…being of small nations is undoubtedly more general and more complete； but they are apt to suffer more acutely from the calamities of war than those great empires whose distant frontiers may for ages avert the presence of the danger from the mass of the people； which is therefore more frequently afflicted than ruined by the evil。
But in this matter； as in many others； the argument derived from the necessity of the case predominates over all others。 If none but small nations existed； I do not doubt that mankind would be more happy and more free； but the existence of great nations is unavoidable。
This consideration introduces the element of physical strength as a condition of national prosperity。 It profits a people but little to be affluent and free if it is perpetually exposed to be pillaged or subjugated； the number of its manufactures and the extent of its commerce are of small advantage if another nation has the empire of the seas and gives the law in all the markets of the globe。 Small nations are often impoverished； not because they are small； but because they are weak； the great empires prosper less because they are great than because they are strong。 Physical strength is therefore one of the first conditions of the happiness and even of the existence of nations。 Hence it occurs that； unless very peculiar circumstances intervene； small nations are always united to large empires in the end； either by force or by their own consent： yet I am unacquainted with a more deplorable spectacle than that of a people unable either to defend or to maintain its independence。
The Federal system was created with the intention of combining the different advantages which result from the greater and the lesser extent of nations； and a single glance over the United States of America suffices to discover the advantages which they have derived from its adoption。
In great centralized nations the legislator is obliged to impart a character of uniformity to the laws which does not always suit the diversity of customs and of districts； as he takes no cognizance of special cases； he can only proceed upon general principles； and the population is obliged to conform to the exigencies of the legislation； since the legislation cannot adapt itself to the exigencies and the customs of the population； which is the cause of endless trouble and misery。 This disadvantage does not exist in confederations。 Congress regulates the principal measures of the national Government； and all the details of the administration are reserved to the provincial legislatures。 It is impossible to imagine how much this division of sovereignty contributes to the well…being of each of the States which compose the Union。 In these small communities； which are never agitated by the desire of aggrandizement or the cares of self…defence； all public authority and private energy is employed in internal amelioration。 The central government of each State； which is in immediate juxtaposition to the citizens； is daily apprised of the wants which arise in society； and new projects are proposed every year； which are discussed either at town meetings or by the legislature of the State； and which are transmitted by the press to stimulate the zeal and to excite the interest of the citizens。 This spirit of amelioration is constantly alive in the American republics； without compromising their tranquillity； the ambition of power yields to the less refined and less dangerous love of comfort。 It is generally believed in America that the existence and the permanence of the republican form of government in the New World depend upon the existence and the permanence of the Federal system； and it is not unusual to attribute a large share of the misfortunes which have befallen the new States of South America to the injudicious erection of great republics； instead of a divided and confederate sovereignty。
It is incontestably true that the love and