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ple； to examine the mechanism of its constitution； and then to cast a general glance over the country。 The township and the county are not organized in the same manner in every part of the Union； it is； however； easy to perceive that the same principles have guided the formation of both of them throughout the Union。 I am inclined to believe that these principles have been carried further in New England than elsewhere； and consequently that they offer greater facilities to the observations of a stranger。 The institutions of New England form a complete and regular whole； they have received the sanction of time； they have the support of the laws； and the still stronger support of the manners of the community； over which they exercise the most prodigious influence； they consequently deserve our attention on every account。
Limits Of The Township
The township of New England is a division which stands between the commune and the canton of France； and which corresponds in general to the English tithing； or town。 Its average population is from two to three thousand； *a so that； on the one hand； the interests of its inhabitants are not likely to conflict； and； on the other； men capable of conducting its affairs are always to be found among its citizens。
＇Footnote a： In 1830 there were 305 townships in the State of Massachusetts； and 610；014 inhabitants； which gives an average of about 2；000 inhabitants to each township。＇
Authorities Of The Township In New England
The people the source of all power here as elsewhere … Manages its own affairs … No corporation … The greater part of the authority vested in the hands of the Selectmen … How the Selectmen act … Town…meeting … Enumeration of the public officers of the township … Obligatory and remunerated functions。
In the township； as well as everywhere else； the people is the only source of power； but in no stage of government does the body of citizens exercise a more immediate influence。 In America the people is a master whose exigencies demand obedience to the utmost limits of possibility。
In New England the majority acts by representatives in the conduct of the public business of the State； but if such an arrangement be necessary in general affairs； in the townships； where the legislative and administrative action of the government is in more immediate contact with the subject； the system of representation is not adopted。 There is no corporation； but the body of electors； after having designated its magistrates； directs them in everything that exceeds the simple and ordinary executive business of the State。 *b
＇Footnote b： The same rules are not applicable to the great towns； which generally have a mayor； and a corporation divided into two bodies； this； however； is an exception which requires the sanction of a law。 … See the Act of February 22； 1822； for appointing the authorities of the city of Boston。 It frequently happens that small towns as well as cities are subject to a peculiar administration。 In 1832； 104 townships in the State of New York were governed in this manner。 … Williams' Register。＇
This state of things is so contrary to our ideas； and so different from our customs； that it is necessary for me to adduce some examples to explain it thoroughly。
The public duties in the township are extremely numerous and minutely divided； as we shall see further on； but the larger proportion of administrative power is vested in the hands of a small number of individuals； called 〃the Selectmen。〃 *c The general laws of the State impose a certain number of obligations on the selectmen； which they may fulfil without the authorization of the body they represent； but which they can only neglect on their own responsibility。 The law of the State obliges them； for instance； to draw up the list of electors in their townships； and if they omit this part of their functions； they are guilty of a misdemeanor。 In all the affairs； however； which are determined by the town…meeting； the selectmen are the organs of the popular mandate； as in France the Maire executes the decree of the municipal council。 They usually act upon their own responsibility； and merely put in practice principles which have been previously recognized by the majority。 But if any change is to be introduced in the existing state of things； or if they wish to undertake any new enterprise； they are obliged to refer to the source of their power。 If； for instance； a school is to be established； the selectmen convoke the whole body of the electors on a certain day at an appointed place； they explain the urgency of the case； they give their opinion on the means of satisfying it； on the probable expense； and the site which seems to be most favorable。 The meeting is consulted on these several points； it adopts the principle； marks out the site； votes the rate； and confides the execution of its resolution to the selectmen。
＇Footnote c： Three selectmen are appointed in the small townships； and nine in the large ones。 See 〃The Town…Officer；〃 p。 186。 See also the principal laws of the State of Massachusetts relative to the selectmen：
Act of February 20； 1786； vol。 i。 p。 219； February 24； 1796； vol。 i。 p。 488； March 7； 1801； vol。 ii。 p。 45； June 16； 1795； vol。 i。 p。 475； March 12； 1808； vol。 ii。 p。 186； February 28； 1787； vol。 i。 p。 302； June 22； 1797； vol。 i。 p。 539。＇
The selectmen have alone the right of calling a town…meeting； but they may be requested to do so： if ten citizens are desirous of submitting a new project to the assent of the township； they may demand a general convocation of the inhabitants； the selectmen are obliged to comply； but they have only the right of presiding at the meeting。 *d
＇Footnote d： See Laws of Massachusetts； vol。 i。 p。 150； Act of March 25； 1786。＇
The selectmen are elected every year in the month of April or of May。 The town…meeting chooses at the same time a number of other municipal magistrates； who are entrusted with important administrative functions。 The assessors rate the township； the collectors receive the rate。 A constable is appointed to keep the peace； to watch the streets； and to forward the execution of the laws； the town…clerk records all the town votes； orders； grants； births； deaths； and marriages； the treasurer keeps the funds； the overseer of the poor performs the difficult task of superintending the action of the poor…laws； committee…men are appointed to attend to the schools and to public instruction； and the road…surveyors； who take care of the greater and lesser thoroughfares of the township； complete the list of the principal functionaries。 They are； however； still further subdivided； and amongst the municipal officers are to be found parish commissioners； who audit the expenses of public worship； different classes of inspectors； some of whom are to direct the citizens in case of fire； tithing…men； listers； haywards； chimney…viewers； fence…viewers to maintain the bounds of property； timber…measurers； and sealers of weights and measures。 *e
＇Footnote e： All these magistrates actually exist； their different functions are all detailed in a book called 〃The Town…Officer；〃 by Isaac Goodwin； Worcester； 1827； and in the 〃Collection of the