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er and nearer to the common type。 Every year； thousands of men leave the North to settle in different parts of the Union： they bring with them their faith； their opinions； and their manners； and as they are more enlighthned than the men amongst whom they are about to dwell； they soon rise to the head of affairs； and they adapt society to their own advantage。 This continual emigration of the North to the South is peculiarly favorable to the fusion of all the different provincial characters into one national character。 The civilization of the North appears to be the common standard； to which the whole nation will one day be assimilated。
The commercial ties which unite the confederate States are strengthened by the increasing manufactures of the Americans； and the union which began to exist in their opinions； gradually forms a part of their habits： the course of time has swept away the bugbear thoughts which haunted the imaginations of the citizens in 1789。 The federal power is not become oppressive； it has not destroyed the independence of the States； it has not subjected the confederates to monarchial institutions； and the Union has not rendered the lesser States dependent upon the larger ones； but the confederation has continued to increase in population； in wealth； and in power。 I am therefore convinced that the natural obstacles to the continuance of the American Union are not so powerful at the present time as they were in 1789； and that the enemies of the Union are not so numerous。
Nevertheless； a careful examination of the history of the United States for the last forty…five years will readily convince us that the federal power is declining； nor is it difficult to explain the causes of this phenomenon。 *v When the Constitution of 1789 was promulgated； the nation was a prey to anarchy； the Union； which succeeded this confusion； excited much dread and much animosity； but it was warmly supported because it satisfied an imperious want。 Thus； although it was more attacked than it is now； the federal power soon reached the maximum of its authority； as is usually the case with a government which triumphs after having braced its strength by the struggle。 At that time the interpretation of the Constitution seemed to extend； rather than to repress； the federal sovereignty； and the Union offered； in several respects； the appearance of a single and undivided people； directed in its foreign and internal policy by a single Government。 But to attain this point the people had risen； to a certain extent； above itself。
＇Footnote v： ＇Since 1861 the movement is certainly in the opposite direction； and the federal power has largely increased； and tends to further increase。＇＇
The Constitution had not destroyed the distinct sovereignty of the States； and all communities； of whatever nature they may be； are impelled by a secret propensity to assert their independence。 This propensity is still more decided in a country like America； in which every village forms a sort of republic accustomed to conduct its own affairs。 It therefore cost the States an effort to submit to the federal supremacy； and all efforts； however successful they may be； necessarily subside with the causes in which they originated。
As the Federal Government consolidated its authority； America resumed its rank amongst the nations； peace returned to its frontiers； and public credit was restored； confusion was succeeded by a fixed state of things； which was favorable to the full and free exercise of industrious enterprise。 It was this very prosperity which made the Americans forget the cause to which it was attributable； and when once the danger was passed； the energy and the patriotism which had enabled them to brave it disappeared from amongst them。 No sooner were they delivered from the cares which oppressed them； than they easily returned to their ordinary habits； and gave themselves up without resistance to their natural inclinations。 When a powerful Government no longer appeared to be necessary； they once more began to think it irksome。 The Union encouraged a general prosperity； and the States were not inclined to abandon the Union； but they desired to render the action of the power which represented that body as light as possible。 The general principle of Union was adopted； but in every minor detail there was an actual tendency to independence。 The principle of confederation was every day more easily admitted； and more rarely applied； so that the Federal Government brought about its own decline； whilst it was creating order and peace。
As soon as this tendency of public opinion began to be manifested externally； the leaders of parties； who live by the passions of the people； began to work it to their own advantage。 The position of the Federal Government then became exceedingly critical。 Its enemies were in possession of the popular favor； and they obtained the right of conducting its policy by pledging themselves to lessen its influence。 From that time forwards the Government of the Union has invariably been obliged to recede； as often as it has attempted to enter the lists with the governments of the States。 And whenever an interpretation of the terms of the Federal Constitution has been called for； that interpretation has most frequently been opposed to the Union； and favorable to the States。
The Constitution invested the Federal Government with the right of providing for the interests of the nation； and it had been held that no other authority was so fit to superintend the 〃internal improvements〃 which affected the prosperity of the whole Union； such； for instance； as the cutting of canals。 But the States were alarmed at a power； distinct from their own； which could thus dispose of a portion of their territory； and they were afraid that the central Government would； by this means； acquire a formidable extent of patronage within their own confines； and exercise a degree of influence which they intended to reserve exclusively to their own agents。 The Democratic party； which has constantly been opposed to the increase of the federal authority； then accused the Congress of usurpation； and the Chief Magistrate of ambition。 The central Government was intimidated by the opposition； and it soon acknowledged its error； promising exactly to confine its influence for the future within the circle which was prescribed to it。
The Constitution confers upon the Union the right of treating with foreign nations。 The Indian tribes； which border upon the frontiers of the United States； had usually been regarded in this light。 As long as these savages consented to retire before the civilized settlers； the federal right was not contested： but as soon as an Indian tribe attempted to fix its dwelling upon a given spot； the adjacent States claimed possession of the lands and the rights of sovereignty over the natives。 The central Government soon recognized both these claims； and after it had concluded treaties with the Indians as independent nations； it gave them up as subjects to the legislative tyranny of the States。 *w
＇Footnote w： See in the Legislative Documents； already quoted in speaking of the Indians； the letter of the President of the Unite