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d a secret charm for him which he was unable to define： he returned to it again and again： at length he abandoned it with poignant regret； and when he was at length fixed among the whites； several of his children refused to share his tranquil and easy situation。 I saw Tanner myself at the lower end of Lake Superior； he seemed to me to be more like a savage than a civilized being。 His book is written without either taste or order； but he gives； even unconsciously； a lively picture of the prejudices； the passions； the vices； and； above all； of the destitution in which he lived。＇
When the Indians undertake to imitate their European neighbors； and to till the earth like the settlers； they are immediately exposed to a very formidable competition。 The white man is skilled in the craft of agriculture； the Indian is a rough beginner in an art with which he is unacquainted。 The former reaps abundant crops without difficulty； the latter meets with a thousand obstacles in raising the fruits of the earth。
The European is placed amongst a population whose wants he knows and partakes。 The savage is isolated in the midst of a hostile people； with whose manners； language； and laws he is imperfectly acquainted； but without whose assistance he cannot live。 He can only procure the materials of comfort by bartering his commodities against the goods of the European； for the assistance of his countrymen is wholly insufficient to supply his wants。 When the Indian wishes to sell the produce of his labor； he cannot always meet with a purchaser； whilst the European readily finds a market； and the former can only produce at a considerable cost that which the latter vends at a very low rate。 Thus the Indian has no sooner escaped those evils to which barbarous nations are exposed； than he is subjected to the still greater miseries of civilized communities； and he finds is scarcely less difficult to live in the midst of our abundance； than in the depth of his own wilderness。
He has not yet lost the habits of his erratic life； the traditions of his fathers and his passion for the chase are still alive within him。 The wild enjoyments which formerly animated him in the woods； painfully excite his troubled imagination； and his former privations appear to be less keen； his former perils less appalling。 He contrasts the independence which he possessed amongst his equals with the servile position which he occupies in civilized society。 On the other hand； the solitudes which were so long his free home are still at hand； a few hours' march will bring him back to them once more。 The whites offer him a sum； which seems to him to be considerable； for the ground which he has begun to clear。 This money of the Europeans may possibly furnish him with the means of a happy and peaceful subsistence in remoter regions； and he quits the plough； resumes his native arms； and returns to the wilderness forever。 *s The condition of the Creeks and Cherokees； to which I have already alluded； sufficiently corroborates the truth of this deplorable picture。
＇Footnote s： The destructive influence of highly civilized nations upon others which are less so； has been exemplified by the Europeans themselves。 About a century ago the French founded the town of Vincennes up on the Wabash； in the middle of the desert； and they lived there in great plenty until the arrival of the American settlers； who first ruined the previous inhabitants by their competition； and afterwards purchased their lands at a very low rate。 At the time when M。 de Volney； from whom I borrow these details； passed through Vincennes； the number of the French was reduced to a hundred individuals； most of whom were about to pass over to Louisiana or to Canada。 These French settlers were worthy people； but idle and uninstructed： they had contracted many of the habits of savages。 The Americans； who were perhaps their inferiors； in a moral point of view； were immeasurably superior to them in intelligence： they were industrious； well informed； rich； and accustomed to govern their own community。
I myself saw in Canada； where the intellectual difference between the two races is less striking； that the English are the masters of commerce and manufacture in the Canadian country； that they spread on all sides； and confine the French within limits which scarcely suffice to contain them。 In like manner； in Louisiana； almost all activity in commerce and manufacture centres in the hands of the Anglo…Americans。
But the case of Texas is still more striking： the State of Texas is a part of Mexico； and lies upon the frontier between that country and the United States。 In the course of the last few years the Anglo…Americans have penetrated into this province； which is still thinly peopled； they purchase land； they produce the commodities of the country； and supplant the original population。 It may easily be foreseen that if Mexico takes no steps to check this change； the province of Texas will very shortly cease to belong to that government。
If the different degrees … comparatively so slight … which exist in European civilization produce results of such magnitude； the consequences which must ensue from the collision of the most perfect European civilization with Indian savages may readily be conceived。＇
The Indians； in the little which they have done； have unquestionably displayed as much natural genius as the peoples of Europe in their most important designs； but nations as well as men require time to learn； whatever may be their intelligence and their zeal。 Whilst the savages were engaged in the work of civilization； the Europeans continued to surround them on every side； and to confine them within narrower limits； the two races gradually met； and they are now in immediate juxtaposition to each other。 The Indian is already superior to his barbarous parent； but he is still very far below his white neighbor。 With their resources and acquired knowledge； the Europeans soon appropriated to themselves most of the advantages which the natives might have derived from the possession of the soil； they have settled in the country； they have purchased land at a very low rate or have occupied it by force； and the Indians have been ruined by a competition which they had not the means of resisting。 They were isolated in their own country； and their race only constituted a colony of troublesome aliens in the midst of a numerous and domineering people。 *t
＇Footnote t： See in the Legislative Documents （21st Congress； No。 89） instances of excesses of every kind committed by the whites upon the territory of the Indians； either in taking possession of a part of their lands； until compelled to retire by the troops of Congress； or carrying off their cattle； burning their houses； cutting down their corn； and doing violence to their persons。 It appears； nevertheless； from all these documents that the claims of the natives are constantly protected by the government from the abuse of force。 The Union has a representative agent continually employed to reside among the Indians； and the report of the Cherokee agent； which is among the documents I have referred to； is almost always favorable to the Indians。 〃The intrusion of