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＇37＇ See Thuc。 viii。 48。
＇38＇ See Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 vi。 53。
＇39＇ Or； 〃to a thorough democrat。〃
Again；＇40＇ it is looked upon as a mistaken policy on the part of the Athenian democracy to compel her allies to voyage to Athens in order to have their cases tried。＇41＇ On the other hand； it is easy to reckon up what a number of advantages the Athenian People derive from the practice impugned。 In the first place； there is the steady receipt of salaries throughout the year＇42＇ derived from the court fees。＇43＇ Next； it enables them to manage the affairs of the allied states while seated at home without the expense of naval expeditions。 Thirdly； they thus preserve the partisans of the democracy； and ruin her opponents in the law courts。 Whereas； supposing the several allied states tried their cases at home； being inspired by hostility to Athens； they would destroy those of their own citizens whose friendship to the Athenian People was most marked。 But besides all this the democracy derives the following advantages from hearing the cases of her allies in Athens。 In the first place； the one per cent＇44＇ levied in Piraeus is increased to the profit of the state； again； the owner of a lodging… house＇45＇ does better； and so； too； the owner of a pair of beasts； or of slaves to be let out on hire；＇46＇ again； heralds and criers＇47＇ are a class of people who fare better owing to the sojourn of foreigners at Athens。 Further still； supposing the allies had not to resort to Athens for the hearing of cases； only the official representative of the imperial state would be held in honour； such as the general； or trierarch； or ambassador。 Whereas now every single individual among the allies is forced to pay flattery to the People of Athens because he knows that he must betake himself to Athens and win or lose＇48＇ his case at the bar； not of any stray set of judges； but of the sovereign People itself； such being the law and custom at Athens。 He is compelled to behave as a suppliant＇49＇ in the courts of justice； and when some juryman comes into court； to grasp his hand。 For this reason； therefore； the allies find themselves more and more in the position of slaves to the people of Athens。
＇40＇ Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 vi。 61。
＇41＇ See Isocr。 〃Panath。〃 245 D。
＇42＇ See Arist。 〃Clouds；〃 1196； Demosth。 〃c。 Timoc。〃 730。
＇43＇ For the 〃Prytaneia；〃 see Aristot。 〃Pol。〃 ii。 12； 4。 〃Ephialtes and Pericles curtailed the privileges of the Areopagus； Pericles converted the Courts of Law into salaried bodies； and so each succeeding demagogue outdid his predecessor in the privileges he conferred upon the commons； until the present democracy was the result〃 （Welldon）。 〃The writer of this passage clearly intended to class Pericles among the demagogues。 He judges him in the same deprecatory spirit as Plato in the 'Gorgias；' pp。 515； 516。〃 Jowett； 〃Pol。 of Aristot。〃 vol。 ii。 p。 101。 But see Aristot。 〃Constitution of Athens；〃 ch。 xxv。； a portion of the newly… discovered treatise； which throws light on an obscure period in the history of Athens； and Mr。 Kenyon's note ad loc。； and Mr。 Macan's criticism； 〃Journal of Hellenic Studies；〃 vol。 xii。 No。 1。
＇44＇ For the ｛ekatoste｝； see Thuc。 vii。 28； in reference to the year B。C。 416； Arist。 〃Wasps；〃 658； 〃Frogs；〃 363。
＇45＇ See Boeckh； 〃P。 E。 A。〃 I。 xii。 p。 65 （Eng。 trans。）； I。 xxiv。 p。 141。
＇46＇ See 〃Revenues；〃 iv。 20； p。 338； Jebb； 〃Theophr。 Char。〃 xxvi。 16。
＇47＇ For these functionaries； see Jebb； op。 cit。 xvi。 10。
＇48＇ Lit。 〃pay or get justice。〃
＇49＇ Se Arist。 〃Wasps；〃 548 foll。； Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 v。 520 note； Newman； op。 cit。 i。 383。
Furthermore； owing to the possession of property beyond the limits of Attica；＇50＇ and the exercise of magistracies which take them into regions beyond the frontier； they and their attendants have insensibly acquired the art of navigation。＇51＇ A man who is perpetually voyaging is forced to handle the oar； he and his domestics alike； and to learn the terms familiar in seamanship。 Hence a stock of skilful mariners is produced； bred upon a wide experience of voyaging and practice。 They have learnt their business； some in piloting a small craft； others a merchant vessel； whilst others have been drafted off from these for service on a ship…of…war。 So that the majority of them are able to row the moment they set foot on board a vessel； having been in a state of preliminary practice all their lives。
＇50＇ See 〃Mem。〃 II。 viii。 1。
＇51＇ See 〃Hell。〃 VII。 i。 4。
II
As to the heavy infantry； an arm the deficiency of which at Athens is well recognised； this is how the matter stands。 They recognise the fact that； in reference to the hostile power； they are themselves inferior； and must be； even if their heavy infantry were more numerous。＇1＇ But relatively to the allies； who bring in the tribute； their strength even on land is enormous。 And they are persuaded that their heavy infantry is sufficient for all purposes； provided they retain this superiority。＇2＇ Apart from all else； to a certain extent fortune must be held responsible for the actual condition。 The subjects of a power which is dominant by land have it open to them to form contingents from several small states and to muster in force for battle。 But with the subjects of a naval power it is different。 As far as they are groups of islanders it is impossible for their states to meet together for united action； for the sea lies between them； and the dominant power is master of the sea。 And even if it were possible for them to assemble in some single island unobserved； they would only do so to perish by famine。 And as to the states subject to Athens which are not islanders； but situated on the continent； the larger are held in check by need＇3＇ and the small ones absolutely by fear； since there is no state in existence which does not depend upon imports and exports； and these she will forfeit if she does not lend a willing ear to those who are masters by sea。 In the next place； a power dominant by sea can do certain things which a land power is debarred from doing； as for instance； ravage the territory of a superior； since it is always possible to coast along to some point； where either there is no hostile force to deal with or merely a small body； and in case of an advance in force on the part of the enemy they can take to their ships and sail away。 Such a performance is attended with less difficulty than that experienced by the relieving force on land。＇4＇ Again； it is open to a power so dominating by sea to leave its own territory and sail off on as long a voyage as you please。 Whereas the land power cannot place more than a few days' journey between itself and its own territory； for marches are slow affairs； and it is not possible for an army on the march to have food supplies to last for any great length of time。 Such an army must either march through friendly territory or it must force a way by victory in battle。 The voyager meanwhile has it in his power to disembark at any point where he finds himself in superior force； or； at the worst； to coast by until he reaches either a friendly district or an enemy too weak to resist。 Again； those diseases to which the fruit