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229。 （Speech by Napoleon； Council of State； May 29； 1804。） … Pelet
adds： 〃The duration of the service was not fixed。 。 。 。 As a fact in
itself； the man was exiled from his home for the rest of his life；
regarding it as a desolating； permanent exile。 。 。 。 Entire sacrifice
of existence。 。 。 。 An annual crop of young men torn from their
families and sent to death。〃 … Archives nationales； F7； 3014。 （Reports
of prefects； 1806。） After this date； and even from the beginning；
there is extreme repugnance which is only overcome by severe means。 。
。 。 （Ardeche。） 〃If the state of the country were to be judged of by
the results of the conscription one would have a poor idea of it。〃 …
（Ariège。） 〃At Brussac； district of Foix； four or five individuals arm
themselves with stones and knives to help a conscript escape； arrested
by the gendarmes。 。 。 。 A garrison was ordered to this commune。〃 … At
Massat； district of Saint…Girons； on a few brigades of gendarmes
entering this commune to establish a garrison； in order to hasten the
departure of refractory conscripts； they were stoned； a shot even was
fired at this troop。 。 。 。 A garrison was placed in these hamlets as
in the rest of the commune。 … During the night of Frimaire 16…17 last；
six strange men presented themselves before the prison of Saint…Girons
and loudly demanded Gouazé； a deserter and condemned。 On the jailor
coming down they seized him and struck him down。〃 … （Haute…Loire。）
〃'The flying column is under constant orders simultaneously against
the refractory and disobedient among the classes of the years IX； X；
XI； XII； and XIII； and against the laggards of that of year IV； of
which 134 men yet remain to be supplied。〃 … （Bouches…du…Rh？ne。） 〃50
deserter sailors and 84 deserters or conscripts of different classes
have been arrested。〃 … （Dordogne。） 〃Out of 1353 conscripts； 134 have
failed to reach their destination； 124 refractory or deserters from
the country and 41 others have been arrested； 81 conscripts have
surrendered as a result of placing a garrison amongst them； 186 have
not surrendered。 Out of 892 conscripts of the year XIV on the march；
101 deserted on the road。〃 … （Gard。） 〃76 refractory or deserters
arrested。〃 … （Landes。） 〃Out of 406 men who left； 51 deserted on the
way；〃 etc。 … This repugnance becomes more and more aggravated。 （Cf。
analogous reports of 1812 and 1813； F7； 3018 and 3019； in 〃Journal
d'un bourgeois d'Evreux；〃 p。 150 to 214； and 〃Histoire de 1814；〃 by
Henry Houssaye； p。8 to 24。）
＇66＇ Law of Fructidor； year VI。
＇67＇ Decree of July 29； 1811 （on the exemption of pupils in the école
Normale）。 … Decree of March 30； 1810； title II。； articles 2； 4； 5； 6
（on the police and system of the école Normale）。 … Decree on the
organization of the University； titles 6 and 13； March 7； 1808。
＇68＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title III。； articles I and 13。 …
Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； articles 50； 54； and 55。
＇69＇ Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； article 51
＇70＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title 3； article I。
＇71＇ Thibaudeau； p。 108。 （Speech of the First Consul before the
Council of State。） 〃Art； science and the professions must be thought
of。 We are not Spartans。 。 。 。 As to substitution； it must be allowed。
In a nation where fortunes are equal each individual should serve
personally； but； with a people whose existence depends on the
inequality of fortunes； the rich must be allowed the right of
substitution； only we must take care that the substitutes be good； and
that conscripts pay some of the money serving to defray the expense of
a part of the equipment of the army of reserve。〃
＇72＇ Pelet de La Lozère； 228。
＇73＇ Archives nationales； F7； 3014。 （Reports of prefects； 1806。）
Average price of a substitute： Basses Alpes； from 2；000 to 2；500
francs； Bouches…du…Rh？ne； from 1；800 to 3；000； Dordogne； 2；400； Gard；
3；000； Gers； 4；000； Haute…Garonne； from 2；000 to 3；000； Hérault；
4；000； Vaucluse； 2；500； Landes； 4；000。 Average rate of interest
（Ardèche）： 〃Money； which was from 11/4 to 11/2 ％； has declined； it is
now at 3 1/4 ％ a month or 10 ％ per annum。〃 … （Basses Alpes）： 〃The rate
of money has varied in commerce from 1 to 3/4 ％ per month。〃 … （Gard）：
〃Interest is at 1 ％ a month in commerce； proprietors can readily
borrow at 9 or 10 ％ per annum。〃 … （Hérault）： 〃The interest on money is
1 1/4 ％ per month。〃 … （Vaucluse）： 〃Money is from 3/4 to 11/4 ％ per
month。〃
＇74＇ Thiers； VII。； p。23 and 467。 In November 1806； Napoleon orders the
conscription of 1807； in March 1807； he orders the conscription of
1808； and so on； always from worse to worse。 … Decrees of 1808 and
1813 against young men of family already bought off or exempted。 …
〃Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux；〃 214。 Desolate state of things in
1813； 〃general depression and discouragement。〃 … Miot de Mélito； III。；
304。 （Report of Miot to the Emperor after a tour in the departments in
1815。） 〃Everywhere； almost； the women are your declared enemies。〃
＇75＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title 3； articles 6； 7； 8； 9。 …
Exemption is granted as a favor only to the ignorantin brothers and to
seminarians assigned to the priesthood。 … Cf。 the law of March 10；
1818； articles 15 and 18。
CHAPTER III。 Ambition and Self…esteem。
I。 Rights and benefits。
The assignment of right。 … Those out of favor and the preferred under
former governments。 … Under the Ancient Regime。 … During the
Revolution。 … French conception of Equality and Rights。 … Its
ingredients and its excesses。 … The satisfaction it obtains under the
new regime。 … Abolition of legal incapacity and equality in the
possession of rights。 … Confiscation of collective action and equality
in the deprivation of rights。 … Careers in the modern State。 … Equal
right of all to offices and to promotion。 … Napoleon's distribution of
employments。 … His staff of officials recruited from all classes and
parties。
Now that the State has just made a new allotment of the burdens and
duties which it imposes it must make a new assignment of the rights
and benefits it confers。 Distributive justice； on both sides； and long
before 1789； was defective； and； under the monarchy； exclusions had
become as obnoxious as exemptions； all the more because； through a
double iniquity； the ancient Régime in each group distinguished two
other groups； one to which it granted every exemption； and the other
which it made subject to every exclusion。 The reason is that； from the
first； the king； in the formation and government of the kingdom； in
order to secure the services； money； collaboration or connivance which
he needed； was obliged to negotiate always with corporations； orders；
provinces； seignories； the clergy； churches； monasteries；
universities； parliaments； professional bodies or industrial guilds
and families； that is to say with constituted powers； more or less
difficult to bring under subjection and which； to be kept in
subjection； sti