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peasants are richer； the land better tilled and the women better
clad。〃 … 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 340； 34； 342。 … 〃 The Revolution；〃
III。； p。366； 402。
＇52＇ 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 P。340。 （ED。 Laff。 I。 pp。 254； 256。）…〃 The
Revolution；〃 III。； 212。 （Ed。 Laff。 II。 p。 271； 297。）
＇53＇ These two famines were due to inclement seasons and were
aggravated； the last one by the consequences of invasion and the
necessity of supporting 150；000 foreign troops； and the former by the
course taken by Napoleon who applies the maximum afresh； with the same
intermeddling； the same despotism and the same failure as under the
Convention。（ 〃Souvenirs〃； by PASQUIER （Etienne…Dennis； duc）；
chancelier de France。 in VI volumes； Librarie Plon； Paris 1893。） 〃I
do not exaggerate in stating that our operations in the purchase and
transport （of grain） required a full quarter of the time； and often
one…third； more than would have been required in commerce。〃 …
Prolongation of the famine in Normandy。 〃Bands of famished beggars
overran the country。 。 。 。 Riots and pillaging around Caen； several
mills burnt。 。 。 。 Suppression of these by the imperial guard。 In the
executions which resulted from these even women were not spared。〃 …
The two principal guarantees at the present day against this public
danger are； first； easier circumstances； and next the multiplication
of good roads and of railroads； the dispatch and cheapness of
transportation； and the superabundant crops of Russia and the United
States。
＇54＇ J。 Gebelin； 〃Histoire des milices provinciales〃 （1882）； p。87；
143； 157； 288。 … Most of the texts and details may be found in this
excellent work。 … Many towns； Paris； Lyons； Reims； Rouen； Bordeaux；
Tours； Agen； Sedan and the two generalities of Flanders and Hainault
are examples of drawing by lot； they furnished their contingent by
volunteers enlisted at their own expense； the merchants and artisans；
or the community itself； paying the bounty for enlistment。 Besides
this there were many exemptions in the lower class。 … Cf。 〃The
Ancient Régime；〃 p。390。 （Ed。 Laff。 p。 289。）
＇55＇ J。 Gebelin； ibid。； 239； 279； 288。 （Except the eight regiments of
royal grenadiers in the militia who turned out for one month in the
year。）
＇56＇ Example afforded by one department。 （〃Statistics of Ain；〃 by
Rossi； prefect； 1808。） Number of soldiers on duty in the department；
in 1789； 323； in 1801； 6；729； in 1806； 6；764。 … 〃 The department of
Ain furnished nearly 30；000 men to the armies； conscripts and those
under requisition。〃 … It is noticeable； consequently； that in the
population of 1801； there is a sensible diminution of persons between
twenty and thirty and； in the population of 1806； of those between
twenty…five and thirty…five years of age。 The number between twenty
and thirty is as follows： in 1789； 39；828； in 1801； 35；648； in 1806；
34；083。
＇57＇ De Dampmartin。 〃Evénemens qui se sont passés sous mes yeux
pendant la révolution fran？aise；〃 V。 II。 （State of the French army；
Jan。 1； 1789。） Total on a peace footing； 177；890 men。 … This is the
nominal force； the real force under arms was 154；000； in March 1791；
it had fallen to 115；000； through the multitude of desertions and the
scarcity of enlistments； （Yung； 〃Dubois…Crancé et la Révolution；〃 I。；
158。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé。）
＇58＇ 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 P 390； 391。 … 〃The Revolution；〃 p。 328…330。
（Ed。 Laff。 I。 289 and 290； pp。 542…543） … Albert Babeau； 〃le
Recrutement militaire sous 1'ancien Régime。〃 （In 〃la Réforme sociale〃
of Sept。 I； 1888； p。 229； 238。）… An officer says； 〃only the rabble are
enlisted because it is cheaper。〃 … Yung； ibid。； I。； 32。 （Speech by M。
de Liancourt in the tribune。） 〃The soldier is classed apart and is too
little esteemed。〃 … Ibid。； p。 39。 （〃Vices et abus de la constitution
actuelle fran？aise；〃 memorial signed by officers in most of the
regiments； Sept。 6； 1789。） 〃The majority of soldiers are derived from
the offscourings of the large towns and are men without occupation。〃
＇59＇ Gebelin； p。 270。 Almost all the cahiers of the third…estate in
1789 demand the abolition of drafting by lot； and nearly all of those
of the three orders are for volunteer service； as opposed to
obligatory service； most of these demand； for the army； a volunteer
militia enlisted through a bounty； this bounty or security in money to
be furnished by communities of inhabitants which； in fact； was already
the case in several towns。
＇60＇ Albert Babeau； ibid。； 238。 〃Colonels were allowed only 100
francs per man； this sum； however； being insufficient； the balance was
assessed on the pay of the officers。〃
＇61＇ This principle was at once adopted by the Jacobins。 （Yung； ibid。；
19； 22； 145。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé at the session held Dec。12；
1789。） 〃Every citizen will become a soldier of the Constitution。〃 No
more casting lots nor substitution。 〃Each citizen must be a soldier
and each soldier a citizen。〃 … The first application of the principle
is a call for 300；000 men （Feb。 26； 1793）； then through a levy on the
masses which brings 500；000 men under the flag； nominally volunteers；
but conscripts in reality。 （Baron Poisson； 〃l'Armée et la Garde
Nationale；〃III； 475。）
＇62＇ Taine wrote this in 1888； after the end of the second French
Empire； after the transformation of Prussia into the Empire of
Germany。 Taine apparently had a premonition of the terrible wars of
the 20th century； of Nazism； Communism and their death and
concentration camps。 （SR。）
＇63＇ Baron Poisson； 〃l'Armée et la Garde nationale；〃 III。； 475。
（Summing up。） 〃Popular tradition has converted the volunteer of the
Republic into a conventional personage which history cannot accept。 。
。 。 1st。 The first contingent of volunteers demanded of the country
consisted of 97；000 men （i1791）。 60；000 enthusiasts responded to the
call； enlisted for a year and fulfilled their engagement； but for no
consideration would they remain longer。 2nd。 Second call for
volunteers in April 1792。 Only mixed levies； partial； raised by money；
most of them even without occupation； outcasts and unable to withstand
the enemy。 3rd。 300；000 men recruited； which measure partly fails； the
recruit can always get off by furnishing a substitute。 4th。 Levy in
mass of 500；000 men； called volunteers； but really conscripts。〃
＇64＇ 〃Mémorial〃 （Speech by Napoleon before the Council of State）。 〃I
am inflexible on exemptions； they would be crimes； how relieve one's
conscience of having caused one man to die in the place of another ？〃
… 〃The conscription was an unprivileged militia： it was an eminently
national institution and already far advanced in our customs； only
mothers were still afflicted by it； while the time was coming when a
girl would not have a man who had not paid his debt to his country。〃
＇65＇ Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； article 10。 … Pelet de La Lozère；
229。 （Speech by Napoleon； Council of State； May 29； 1804。） … Pelet
adds： 〃The du