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which the occupation of these buildings hourly presents； it is
necessary to give lessons in rooms which are very unhealthy on account
of their small dimensions and dampness。 In the drawing…class the
papers and models in the portfolios become moldy。〃
＇68＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； 484。 （〃Procès…verbaux des conseils…
généraux；〃 year IX； passim。）
＇69＇ Ibid。； 476。 （〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Sarthe； year X。）
〃Prejudices which it is difficult to overcome； as well on the
stability of this school as on the morality of some of the teachers；
prevented its being frequented for a time。〃 … 483。 （Procès…verbaux des
conseils…généraux；〃 Bas…Rhin。） 〃The overthrow of religion has excited
prejudices against the central schools。〃 … 482。 （Ibid。； Lot。） 〃Most of
the teachers in the central school took part in the revolution in a
not very honorable way。 Their reputation affects the success of their
teaching。 Their schools are deserted。〃
＇70＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； '94。 （According to the reports of 15 central
schools； from the year VI。 to the year VIII。） The average for each
central school is for drawing； 89 pupils； for mathematics； 28； for the
classics； 24； for physics； chemistry and natural history； 19； for
general grammar； 5； for history； 10； for legislation； 8： for belles…
lettres； 6。 … Rocquam； ibid。； P。29。 （Reports of Fran？ais de Nantes； on
the departments of the South…east。） 〃There； as elsewhere； the courses
on general grammar； on belles…lettres； history and legislation； are
unfrequented。 Those on mathematics； chemistry； Latin and drawing are
better attended； because these sciences open up lucrative careers。 …
Ibid。； p。 108。 （Report by Barbé…Marboi on the Brittany departments。）
＇71＇ Statistiques des préfets；〃 Meurthe； by Marquis； year XIII； p。120。
〃In the communal schools of the rural districts； the fee was so small
that the poorest families could contribute to the （teacher's） salary。
Assessments on the communal property； besides； helped almost
everywhere in providing the teacher with a satisfactory salary； so
that these functions were sought after and commonly well fulfilled。 。
。 。 Most of the villages had Sisters of Saint…Vincent de Paul for
instructors； or others well known under the name of Vatelottes。〃 …
〃The partition of communal property； and the sale of that assigned to
old endowments； had deprived the communes of resources which afforded
a fair compensation to schoolmasters and schoolmistresses。 The product
of the additional centimes scarcely sufficed for administrative
expenses。 … Thus； there is but little else now than people without
means； who take poorly compensated places； again； they neglect their；
schools just as soon as they see an opportunity to earn something
elsewhere。〃 … Archives nationales； No。 1004； cartons 3044 and 3145。
（Report of the councillors of state on mission in the year IX。 … First
military division； Report of Lacuée。） Aisne： 〃There is now no primary
school according to legal institution。〃 … The situation is the same
in Oise； also in Seine for the districts of Sceaux and SaintDenis。
＇72＇ Albert Duruy； 178。 （Report drawn up in the bureaux of the
ministry of the interior； year VIII。） 〃A detestable selection of those
called instructors； almost everywhere； they are men without morals or
education； who owe their nomination solely to a pretended civism；
consisting of nothing but an insensibility to morality and propriety。
。 。 。 They affect an insolent contempt for the （old） religious
opinions。〃 … Ibid。； p。497。 （Procès…verbaux des conseils…généraux。） On
primary school…teachers； Hérault： 〃Most are blockheads and vagabonds。〃
… Pas…de…Calais：〃 Most are blockheads or ignoramuses。〃
＇73＇ Rocquam； '94。 （Report by Fourcroy on the 14th military division；
Manche； Orne； Calvados。） 〃Besides bad conduct； drunkenness； and the
immorality of many of these teachers； it seems certain that the lack
of instruction in religion is the principal motive which prevents
parents from sending their children to these schools。〃 … Archives
nationales； ibid。 （Report by Lacuée on the 1st military division。）
〃The teachers； male and female； who desired to conform to the law of
Brumaire 3 and to the different rules prescribed by the central
administration； on placing the constitution and the rights of man in
the hands of their pupils； found their schools abandoned one after the
other。 The schools the best attended are those where the Testament；
the catechism； and the life of Christ are used。 。 。 。 The instructors；
obliged to pursue the line marked out by the government； could not do
otherwise than carry out the principles which opposed the prejudices
and habits of the parents； hence their loss of credit； and the almost
total desertion of the pupils。〃
＇74＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 vol。 III。； p。 81； note 2。 （Laff。 II。 pp。68…69；
note 4。）
＇75＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Moselle。 （Analysis by Ferrière。） At
Metz； in 1789； there were five free schools for young children； of
which one was for boys and four for girls； kept by monks or nuns； in
the year XII there were none： 〃An entire generation was given up to
ignorance。〃 Ibid。； Ain； by Bossi； 1808： 〃In 1800； there were scarcely
any primary schools in the department； as in the rest of France。〃 In
1808； there are scarcely thirty。 … Albert Duruy； p。480； 496。 （Procès…
verbaux des conseils…généraux； year IX。） Vosges： 〃Scarcely any primary
instruction。〃 … Sarthe： 〃Primary instruction； none。〃 … Meuse…
Inférieure： 〃It is feared that in fifteen years or so there will not
be one man in a hundred able to write；〃 etc。
＇76＇ These are the minimum figures； and they are arrived at through
the following calculation。 Before 1789； 47 men out of 100； and 26
women out of 100； that is to say 36 or 37 persons in 100； received
primary instruction。 Now； according to the census from 1876 to 1881
（official statistics of primary instruction； III。； XVI。）； children
from six to thirteen number about twelve ％ of the entire population。
Accordingly； in 1789； out of a population of 26 millions； the children
from 6 to 13 numbered 3；120；000； of whom 1；138；000 learned to read and
write。 It must be noted that； in 1800； the adult population had
greatly diminished； and that the infantine population had largely
increased。 France； moreover； is enlarged by 12 departments （Belgium；
Savoy； Comtat； Nice）； where the old schools had equally perished。 … If
all the old schools had been kept up； it is probable that the children
who would have had primary instruction would have numbered nearly
1；400；000。
＇77＇ Saint Thomas； 〃Summa theologica；〃 pars III。； questio 60 usque ad
85： 〃Sacramenta efficiunt quod figurant。 。 。 。 Sant necessaria ad
salutem hominum。 。 。 。 Ab ipso verbo incarnata efficaciam habent。 Ex
sua institutione habent quod conferant gratiam。 。 。 。 Sacramentum est
causa grati？； causa agens； principalis et instrumentalis。〃
＇78＇ Except priests ordained by a bishop of the Greek church。
＇79＇