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Révolution；〃 and Albert Duruy； 〃l'Instruction publique et la
Révolution；〃 passim。
＇55＇ 〃Statistique de l'enseignement primaire〃 （1880）；II。； CCIV。 The
proportion of instructed and uninstructed people has been ascertained
in 79 departments； and at various periods； from 168o down to the year
1876； according to the signatures on 1；699；985 marriage…records。 … In
the 〃Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire；〃 published
by M。 Buisson； M。 Maggiolo； director of these vast statistics； has
given the proportion of literate and illiterate people for the
different departments； now； from department to department； the figures
furnished by the signatures on marriage records correspond with
sufficient exactness to the number of schools； verified moreover by
pastoral visits and by other documents。 The most illiterate
departments are Cantal； Puy…de…Dome； Nièvre； Allier； Vienne； Haute…
Vienne； Deux…Sèvres； Vendée and the departments of Brittany。
＇56＇ One sou equals 1/20 of a franc or 5 centimes。 （SR。）
＇57＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； p。25。 （According to the report of M。
Villemain on common…school education in 1843。） … Abbé Allain； 〃la
Question d'enseignement en 1789；〃 p。 88 … A。 Silvy； 〃les Collèges en
France avant la Révolution；〃 p。5。 The researches of M。 Silvy show that
the number of high…schools （collèges） given by M。 Villemain is much
too low： 〃The number of these schools under the ancient Régime cannot
be estimated at less than about 900。 。 。 。 I have ascertained 800。 。 。
。 I must add that my search is not yet finished and that I find new
institutions every day。〃
＇58＇ Lunet； 〃Histoire du collège de Rodez；〃 p。 110。 … Edmond；
〃Histoire du collège de Louis…le…Grand；〃 p。 238。 … 〃Statistiques des
préfets；〃 Moselle。 （Analysis by Ferrière； year XII。） Before 1789； 4
high…schools at Metz； very complete； conducted by regular canons；
Benedictines； with 33 professors； 38 assistant teachers； 63 servants；
259 day…scholars and 217 boarders。 All this was broken up。 In the year
IX there is only one central school； very inadequate； with 9
professors； 5 assistants； 3 servants and 233 day…scholars。
＇59＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； p。 25。
＇60＇ Lunet； ibid； p。110；
＇61＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Ain； by Bossi； p。368。 At Bourg；
before the revolution； 220 pupils； of which 70 were boarders； 8000
livres income in real property confiscated during the revolution。 … At
Belley； the teachers consist of the congregationist of Saint…Joseph；
250 pupils； 9950 francs revenue from capital invested in the pays
d'état； swept away by the revolution。 … At Thoissy； 8000 francs rental
of real property sold； etc。 … Deux…Sèvres； by Dupin； year IX； and
〃analyse〃 by Ferrière； P。 48： 〃Previous to the revolution； each
department town had its high…school。 … At Thouars； 60 boarders at 300
livres per annum； and 40 day…scholars。 At Niort； 80 boarders at 450
livres per annum； and 100 day…scholars〃。 …Aisne； by Dauchy； p。88。
Before 1789； nearly all the small high…schools were gratuitous； and；
in the large ones； there were scholarships open to competition。 All
their possessions； except large buildings； were alienated and sold； as
well as those of the 60 communities in which girls were taught
gratuitously。 … Eure； by Masson Saint…Amand。 There were previous to
1789； 8 high…schools which were all suppressed and destroyed。 … Dr？me；
by Collin； p。66。 Before the revolution； each town had its high…
school；〃 etc。
＇62＇ Cf。 Marmontel； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 16； for details of these customs；
M。 Jules Simon found the same customs afterwards and describes them in
the souvenirs of his youth。 … La Chalotais； at the end of the reign of
Louis XV。； had already described the efficiency of the institution。
〃Even the people want to study。 Farmers and craftsmen send their
children to the schools in these small towns where living is cheap。〃
This rapid spread of secondary education contributed a good deal
towards bringing on the revolution。
＇63＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Indre； by Dalphonse； year XII； p。104：
〃The universities； the colleges； the seminaries； the religious
establishments； the free schools are all destroyed； vast plans only
remain for a new system of education raised on their ruins。 Nearly all
of these rest unexecuted。 。 。 。 Primary schools have nowhere； one may
say； been organized； and those which have been are so poor they had
better not have been organized at all。 With a pompous and costly
system of public instruction； ten years have been lost for
instruction。〃
＇64＇ Moniteur； XXI。； 644。 （Session of Fructidor 19； year II。） One of
the members says： 〃It is very certain； and my colleagues see it with
pain； that public instruction is null。〃 … Fourcroy： 〃Reading and
writing are no longer taught。〃 … Albert Duruy； p。 208。 （Report to the
Directory executive； Germinal 13； year IV。） 〃For nearly six years no
public instruction exists。〃 … De La Sicotiere； 〃Histoire du collège de
Alen？on；〃 p。33： 〃In 1794； there were only two pupils in the college。〃
… Lunet； 〃Histoire du collège de Rodez；〃 p。157： 〃The recitation…rooms
remained empty of pupils and teachers from March 1793 to May 16；
1796。〃 … 〃 Statistiques des préfets；〃 Eure； by Masson Saint…Amand year
XIII： 〃In the larger section of the department； school…houses existed
with special endowments for teachers of both sexes。 The school…houses
have been alienated like other national domains； the endowments due to
religious corporations or establishments have been extinguished … As
to girls； that portion of society has suffered an immense loss；
relatively to its education； in the suppression of religious
communities which provided them with an almost gratuitous and
sufficiently steady instruction。〃
＇65＇ My maternal grandmother learned how to read from a nun concealed
in the cellar of the house。
＇66＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； 349。 （Decree of the Directory； Pluvi？se 17；
year V； and circular of the minister Letourneur against free schools
which are 〃dens of royalism and superstition。〃 … Hence the decrees of
the authorities in the departments of Eure； Pas de Calais； Dr？me；
Mayenne and La Manche； closing these dens。） 〃From Thermidor 27； year
VI； to Messidor 2； year VII； say the authorities of La Manche； we have
revoked fifty…eight teachers on their denunciation by the
municipalities and by popular clubs。〃
＇67＇ Archives nationales； cartons 3144 to 3145； No。 l04。 （Reports of
the Councillors of State on mission in the year IX。） Report by Lacuée
on the first military division。 Three central schools at Paris； one
called the Quatre…Nations。 〃This school must be visited in order to
form any idea of the state of destruction and dilapidation which all
the national buildings are in。 No repairs have been made since the
reopening of the schools； everything is going to ruin。 。 。 。 Walls are
down and the floors fallen in。 To preserve the pupils from the risks
which the occupation of these buildings hourly presents； i