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and brutality； even to the frustration of his Concordat of 1802 as
with his amnesty of 1802； even to compromising his capital work of the
attempted reconciliation and reunion of old France with the new
France。 His work； nevertheless； although incomplete； even interrupted
and marred by himself； remains substantial and salutary。 The three
grand machines which the Revolution had demolished with so little
foresight； and which he had reconstructed at so little cost； are in
working order； and； with deviations or shortcomings in result； they
render to the public the required services； each its own； worship；
charity and instruction。 Full toleration and legal protection to the
three leading Christian cults； and even to Judaism； would of itself
already satisfy the most sensitive of religious demands； owing to the
donation furnished by the State and communes and by private
individuals； the necessary complement is not wanting。
The Catholic community； in particular； the most numerous of all；
exercises and celebrates its system of worship in conformity with its
faith； according to ecclesiastical canons under its own orthodox
hierarchy； in each parish； or within reach of each parish； dwells one
authorized priest who administers valid sacraments； in his stole he
says mass publicly in a consecrated edifice； plainly decorated at
first but gradually beautified； not less publicly； various
congregations of monks and nuns； the former in black robes and the
〃sisters in wimples and white caps； serve in the schools and asylums。
On the other hand； in these well…equipped and well…governed asylums
and hospitals； in the bureaux of charity； their resources are no
longer inferior to their needs； while Christian charity and
philanthropic generosity are constantly operating in all directions to
fill the empty drawers； legacies and private donations； after 1802；
authorized by the Council of State； multiply； we see them swelling the
pages of the 〃Bulletin des Lois。〃＇140＇ From 1800 to 1845； the
hospitals and asylums are thus to receive more than 72 millions； and
the charity bureaux over 49 millions； from 1800 to 1878； all together
will thus receive more than 415 millions。＇141＇ The old patrimony of
the poor is again reconstituted piece by piece； and on January 1st；
1833； asylums and hospitals； with their 51 millions of revenue； are
able to support 154；000 elderly and the sickly。＇142＇
Like public charity； public education again becomes effective；
Fourcroy； after 1806；＇143＇ lists 29 organized and full lycées； besides
these； 370 communal secondary schools and 377 private secondary
schools are open and receive 50；200； there are 25；000 children in the
4500 schools。 Finally； in 1815；＇144＇ we find in France； restored to
its ancient boundaries； 12 faculties of Law or Medicine with 6；329
students； 36 lycées with 9000 pupils； 368 colleges with 28；000 pupils；
41 small seminaries with 5233 pupils； 1255 boarding…schools and
private institutions with 39；623 pupils； and 22；348 primary schools
with 737；369 scholars； as far as can be gathered； the proportion of
men and women able to read and to sign their name is raised under the
empire up to and beyond the figures＇145＇ it had reached previous to
1789。
In this manner are the worst damages repaired。 The three new
administrative services； with a different set…up； do the job of the
old ones and； at the expiration of twenty…five years； give an almost
equal return。 … In sum； the new proprietor of the great structure
sacked by the Revolution has again set up the indispensable apparatus
for warming； lighting and ventilation； as he knows his own interests
perfectly； and is poorly off in ready money； he contributes only a
minimum of the expense； in other respects； he has grouped together his
tenants into syndicates； into barracks； in apartments； and；
voluntarily or involuntarily； he has put upon them the burden of cost。
In the meantime； he has kept the three keys of the three engines in
his own cabinet； in his own hands； for himself alone； henceforth； it
is he who distributes throughout the building； on each story and in
every room； light； air and heat。 If he does not distribute the same
quantity as before he at least distributes whatever is necessary； the
tenants can； at last； breathe comfortably； see clearly and not shiver；
after ten years of suffocation； darkness and cold they are too well
satisfied to wrangle with the proprietor； discuss his ways； and
dispute over the monopoly by which he has constituted himself the
arbitrator of their wants。 … The same thing is done in the material
order of things； in relation to the highways； dikes； canals； and
structures useful to the people： here also he repairs or creates
through the same despotic initiative；
* with the same economy；＇146＇
* the same apportionment of expense；＇147＇
* the same spontaneous or forced aid to those interested；
* the same practical efficiency。＇148＇
Summing it up and if we take things as a whole； and if we offset the
worse with the better； it may be said that the French people have
recovered the possessions they had been missing since 1789：
* internal peace；
* public tranquility；
* administrative regularity；
* impartial justice；
* a strict police；
* security of persons； property and consciences；
* liberty in private life；
* enjoyment of one's native land； and； on leaving it； the privilege of
coming back；
* the satisfactory endowment； gratuitous celebration and full exercise
of worship；
* schools and instruction for the young；
* beds； nursing and assistance for the sick； the indigent and for
foundlings；
* the maintenance of roads and public buildings。
So that of the two groups of cravings which troubled men in 1800； the
first one； that which dated from the Revolution； has； towards 1808 or
1810； obtained reasonable satisfaction。
______________________________________________________________________
Notes：
＇1＇ Roederer； III。； 334 （August 6； 1800）。
＇2＇ The word means 〃what is beyond the Alps〃 but refers to a number
of doctrines favoring the Pope's absolute authority。 （SR。）
＇3＇ Stanislas Girardin； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 273 （22 Thermidor； year X）：
〃The only craving； the only sentiment in France； disturbed for so many
years； is repose。 Whatever secures this will gain its assent。 Its
inhabitants； accustomed to take an active part in all political
questions； now seem to take no interest in them。〃 … Roederer； III。；
484 （Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen； Dec。 1； 1803）： 〃The people of
the rural districts； busy with its new affairs； 。 。 。 are perfectly
submissive； because they now find security for persons and property。 。
。 。 They show no enthusiasm for the monarch； but are full of respect
for and trust in a gendarme； they stop and salute him on passing him
on the roads。〃
＇4＇ Rocquam； 〃l'état de la France au 18 Brumaire。〃 （Report by Barbé…
Marbois； p。 72； 81。） Cash…boxes broken open and exclam