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return of the Ignorantin brethren； allows them to teach and authorizes
the towns to employ them； later on； it graduates them at its
University： in 1810； they already possess 41 schoolhouses and 8400
pupils。＇126＇ Still more liberally； it authorizes and favors female
educational congregations； down to the end of the empire and
afterwards； nuns are about the only instructors of young girls；
especially in primary education。 … Owing to the same toleration； the
upper schools are likewise reorganized； and not less spontaneously；
through the initiative of private individuals； communes； bishops；
colleges or pensionnats； at Reims； Fontainebleau； Metz； évreux；
Sorrèze； Juilly； La Fléche and elsewhere small seminaries in all the
dioceses。 Offer and demand have come together； instructors meet the
children half…way； and education begins on all sides。＇127＇
Thought can now be given to its endowment； and the State invites
everybody； the communes as well as private persons； to the
undertaking。 It is on their liberality that it relies for replacing
the ancient foundations； it solicits gifts and legacies in favor of
new establishments； and it promises 〃to surround these donations with
the most invariable respect。〃＇128＇ Meanwhile； and as a precautionary
measure； it assigns to each its eventual duty；＇129＇ if the commune
establishes a primary school for itself； it must provide the tutor
with a lodging and the parents must compensate him； if the commune
founds a college or accepts a lycée； it must pay for the annual
support of the building；＇130＇ while the pupils； either day…scholars or
boarders； pay accordingly。 In this way； the heavy expenses are already
met； and the State； the general…manager of the service； furnishes
simply a very small quota； and this quota； mediocre as a rule； is
found almost null in fact； for its main largess consists in 6400
scholarships which it establishes and engages to support； but it
confers only about 3000 of them；＇131＇ and it distributes nearly all of
these among the children of its military or civilian employees This
way a son's scholarship becomes additional pay or an increased salary
for the father； thus； the 2 millions which the State seems； under this
head； to assign to the lycées are actually gratifications which it
distributes among its functionaries and officials： it takes back with
one hand what it be…stows with the other。 … Having put this in place；
it establishes the University。 It is not at its own expense； however；
but at the expense of others； at the expense of private persons and
parents； of the communes； and above all at the expense of rival
schools and private boarding…schools； of the free institutions； and
all this in favor of the University monopoly which subjects these to
special taxation as ingenious as it is multifarious。＇132＇ A private
individual obtaining diploma to open on a boarding school must pay
from 200 to 300 francs to the University； likewise； every person
obtaining a diploma to open an institution shall pay from 400 to 600
francs to the University； likewise every person obtaining permission
to lecture on law or medicine。＇133＇ Every student； boarder； half…
boarder or day…scholar in any school； institution； seminary； college
or lycée； must pay to the University one…twentieth of the sum which
the establishment to which he belongs demands of each of its pupils。
In the higher schools； in the faculties of law； medicine； science and
literature； the students pay entrance and examination fees and for
diplomas； so that the day comes when superior instruction provides for
its expenditures out of its receipts and even shows on its budget a
net surplus of profit。 The new University； with its expenses thus
defrayed； will support itself alone； accordingly； all that the State
really grants to it； as a veritable gift； in ready cash； is 400；000
francs annual income on the public ledger； a little less than the
donation of one single college； Louis…le…Grand； in 1789。＇134＇ It may
even be said that it is exactly the fortune of the old college which；
after being made use of in many ways； turned aside and with other
mischance； becomes the patrimony of the new University。＇135＇ From
high…school to University； the State has effected the transfer。 Such
is its generosity。 This is especially apparent in connection with
primary instruction； in 1812； for the first time； it allows 25；000
francs for this purpose； of which only 4；500 are received。＇136＇
Such is the final liquidation of the great collective fortunes。 A
settlement of accounts； an express or tacit bargain； intervenes
between the State and all institutions for instruction； worship and
charity。 It has taken from the poor； from the young and from
believers； 5 milliards of capital and 270 millions of revenue；＇137＇ it
gives back to them； in public income and treasury interest； about 17
millions per annum。 As it has the might and makes the law it has no
difficulty in obtaining or in giving itself its own discharge； it is a
bankrupt who； having spent his creditors money； bestows on these 6％。
of their claim by way of alms。
Naturally； it takes the opportunity to bring them under its strict and
permanent dependence； in adding other claims to those with which the
old monarchy had already burdened the corporations that administered
collective fortunes。 Napoleon increases the weight of these chains and
screws them tighter。 Not only does he take it upon himself to impose
order； probity； and economy on the administrators； but； again； he
appoints them； dismisses them； and prescribes or authorizes each of
their acts。 He puts words in their mouths； he wants to be the great
bishop； the universal genius； the sole tutor and professor； in short；
the dictator of opinion； the creator and director of every political；
social and moral idea throughout his empire。 … With what rigidity and
pertinacious intent； with what variety and convergence of means； with
what plenitude and certainty of execution； with what detriment and
with what danger； present and to come； for corporations； for the
public； for the State； for himself； we shall see presently； he
himself； living and reigning； is to realize this。 For his
interference； pushed to extremes； is to end in encountering resistance
in a body which he considers as his own creature； the Church： here；
forgetting that she has roots of her own； deep down and out of his
reach； he carries off the Pope； holds him captive； sends cardinals
into the interior； （Page 198/504）imprisons bishops； banishes priests；
and incorporates seminarians in his regiments。＇138＇ He decrees the
closing of all small seminaries；＇139＇ alienates forever the Catholic
clergy like the royalist nobility； precisely at the same moment and
through the same absolutism； through the same abuse of power； through
the same recurrence to revolutionary tradition； to Jacobin infatuation
and brutality； even to the frustration of his Concordat of 1802 as
with his amnesty