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sous les premiers Capétiens；〃 I。； 28； 46。 （Texts of Henry I。； Philip
I。； Louis VI。； and Louis VII。） 〃A divine minister。〃 … （Kings are）
〃servants of the kingdom of God。〃 … 〃Gird on the ecclesiastical sword
for the punishment of the wicked。〃 … 〃 Kings and priests alone； by
ecclesiastical ordination； are made sacred by the anointing of holy
oils。〃
＇12＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； p。94。 （Laffont II； p。 75）
＇13＇ Janssen； 〃L'Allemagne à la fin du moyen age 〃 （French
translation）； I。； 457。 （On the introduction of Roman law into
Germany。） … Declaration of the jurists at the Diet of Roncaglia： 〃Quod
principi placuit； legis habet vigorem。〃 … Edict of Frederick I。； 1165：
〃Vestigia praedecessorum suorum； divorum imperatorum； magni
Constantini scilicet et Justiniani et Valentini； 。 。 。 sacras eorum
leges； 。 。 。 divina oracula。 。 。 。 Quodcumque imperator constituerit；
vel cognoscens decreverit； vel edicto praeceperit； legem esse
constat。〃 … Frederick II。： 〃Princeps legibus solutus est。〃 … Louis of
Bavaria： 〃Nos qui sumus supra jus。〃
＇14＇ Guyot； ibid。； article Régales。 〃The great 'régales；' majora
regalia； are those which belong to the King； jure singulari et
proprio； and which are incommunicable to another； considering that
they cannot be divorced from the scepter； being the attributes of
sovereignty； such as 。 。 。 the making of laws； the interpretation or
change of these； the last appeal from the decisions of magistrates；
the creation of offices； the declaration of war or of peace； 。 。 。 the
coining of money； the augmentation of titles or of values； the
imposition of taxes on the subjects； 。 。 。 the exemption of certain
persons from these； the award of pardon for crimes； 。 。 。 the creation
of nobles； the foundation of universities； 。 。 。 the assembling of the
états…généraux or provinciaux； etc。〃 … Bossuet； 〃Politique tirée de
l'écriture sainte〃： The entire state exists in the person of the
prince。〃 … Louis XIV。； 〃？uvres；〃 I。； 50 （to his son）： 〃You should be
aware that kings can naturally dispose fully and freely of all
possessions belonging as well to persons of the church as to laymen；
to make use of at all times with wise economy； that is to say；
according to the general requirements of their government。〃 … Sorel；
〃L'Europe et la Révolution fran？aise；〃 I。； 231 （Letter of the
〃intendant〃 Foucault）： 〃It is an illusion； which cannot proceed from
anything but blind preoccupation； that of making any distinction
between obligations of conscience and the obedience which is due to
the King。〃
＇15＇ 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 p。9 and following pages。 … 〃Correspondance
de Mirabeau et du Comte de le Marck；〃 II。； 74 （Note by Mirabeau； July
3； 1790）： 〃Previous to the present revolution； royal authority was
incomplete： the king was compelled to humor his nobles； to treat with
the parliaments；； to be prodigal of favors to the court。〃
＇16＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； p。318。 （Laff。II。 p。 237…238）。 … 〃 The
Ancient Régime；〃 p。 10 （Laff。 I。 25n。） Speech by the Chancellor
Séguier； 1775： 〃Our kings have themselves declared that they are
fortunately powerless to attack property。〃
＇17＇ Rousseau's text in the 〃Contrat Social。〃 … On the meaning and
effect of this principle cf 〃The Revolution；〃 I。； 217 and following
pages； and III。； book VI。； ch。 I。 Laff。 182…186 et II。 47 to 74）。
＇18＇ The opinion； or rather the resignation which confers omnipotence
on the central power； goes back to the second half of the fifteenth
century； after the Hundred Years' war； and is due to that war； the
omnipotence of the king was then the only refuge against the English
invaders； and the ravages of the écorcheurs。 … Cf。 Fortescue； 〃In
leges Angli？；〃 and〃 〃The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited
Monarchy〃 （end of the fifteenth century）； on the difference at this
date between the English and the French government。 … The same
decision is found in the dispatches of the Venetian ambassadors of
this date： 〃In France everything is based on the will of the king。
Nobody； whatever might be his conscientious scruples； would dare
express an opinion opposed to his。 The French respect their king to
such an extent that they would not only sacrifice their property for
him； but again their souls。〃 （Janssen； 〃L'Allemagne à la fin du moyen
age。 I。 484。） … As to the passage of the monarchical to the democratic
idea； we see it plainly in the following quotations from Restif de la
Bretonne： 〃I entertained no doubt that the king could legally oblige
any man to give me his wife or his daughter； and everybody in my
village （Sacy in Burgundy） thought so too。〃 （〃Monsieur Nicolas；〃 I。；
443。） … In relation to the September massacres： 〃No； I do not pity
them； those fanatical priests。 。 。 When a community or its majority
wants anything； it is right。 The minority is always culpable； even
when right morally。 Common sense is that is needed to appreciate that
truth。 It is indisputable that the nation has the power to sacrifice
even an innocent person。〃 （〃Nuits de Paris；〃 XVth； p。377。）
＇19＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； 393。 （Laff。 II。 p。 291）
＇20＇ 〃Contrat Social；〃 book 1st； ch。 III。： 〃It is accordingly
essential that； for the enunciation of the general will； no special
organization should exist in the State； and that the opinion of each
citizen should accord with that。 Such was the unique and sublime law
of the great Lycurgus。〃
＇21＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 I。； 170。 （Laff。 I。 433。）
＇22＇ Ibid。； II。； 93； III。； 78…82。 （Laff。 I。 p。 632 and II。 pp。 65…68。）
＇23＇ 〃Correspondance de Mirabeau et du Comte de la Marck；〃II。； 74
（Letter of Mirabeau to the King； July 3； 1790）： 〃Compare the new state
of things with the ancient régime。 。 。 。 One portion of the acts of
the national assembly （and that the largest） is evidently favorable to
monarchical government。 Is it to have nothing； then； to have no
parliaments； no provincial governments； no privileged classes； no
clerical bodies； no nobility？ The idea of forming one body of citizens
would have pleased Richelieu： this equalized surface facilitates the
exercise of power。 Many years of absolute rule could not have done so
much for royal authority as this one year of revolution。〃 … Sainte…
Beuve； 〃Port…Royal；〃 V。； 25 （M。 Harlay conversing with the supérieure
of Port…Royal）： 〃People are constantly talking about Port…Royal； about
these Port…Royal gentlemen： the King dislikes whatever excites talk。
Only lately he caused M。 Arnaud to be informed that he did not approve
of the meetings at his house； that there is no objection to his seeing
all sorts of people indifferently like everybody else； but why should
certain persons always be found in his rooms and such an intimate
association among these gentlemen？ 。 。 。 The King does not want any
rallying point； a headless assemblage in a State is always
dangerous。〃… Ibid。； p。33： 〃The reputation of this establishment was
too great。 People were anxious to put their children in it。 Persons of
r