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sweep the royalists off the streets of Paris。 （SR。）
＇19＇ 〃Extrait des Mémoires de Boulay de la Meurthe；〃 p。10。
＇20＇ Napoleon's words。 （〃Correspondance；〃 XXX。； 343； memoirs dictated
at Saint Helena。）
＇21＇ Lafayette； 〃 Mémoires；〃II。； 192。
＇22＇ Pelet de la Lozère； 〃 Opinions de Napoléon au conseil d'état；〃 p。
63 〃The senate is mistaken if it thinks it possesses a national and
representative chamber。 It is merely a constituted authority emanating
from the government like the others。〃 … Ibid。； P。147： 〃 It must not be
in the power of a legislative body to impede government by refusing
taxes； once the taxes are established they should be levied by simple
decrees。 The court of cassation regards my decrees as laws； otherwise；
there would be no government。〃 （January 9； 1808。） … Ibid。； p。 147： 〃
If I ever had any fear of the senate I had only to put fifty young
state…councillors into it。〃 （December 1； 1803。） … Ibid。； p。150： 〃If
an opposition should spring up in the legislative corps I would fall
back on the senate to prorogue； change it； or break it up。〃 （March 29；
1806。） … Ibid。； p。151： 〃Sixty legislators go out every year which one
does not know what to do with； those who do not get places go and
grumble in the departments。 I should like to have old land…owners
married； in a certain sense； to the state through their family or
profession； attached by some tie to the commonwealth。 Such men would
come to Paris annually； converse with the emperor in his own circle；
and be contented with this little bit of vanity relieving the monotony
of their existence。〃 （Same date。） … Cf。 Thibaudeau； 〃Mémoires sur le
Consulat；〃 ch。 XIII。； and M。 de Metternich； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 120 （Words
of Napoleon at Dresden； in the spring of 1812）： 〃I shall give the
senate and the council of state a new organization。 The former will
take the place of the upper chamber； the latter that of the chamber of
deputies。 I shall continue to appoint the senators； I shall have the
state councillors elected one…third at a time on triple lists ； the
rest I will appoint。 Here will the budget be prepared and the laws
elaborated。〃 … We see the corps législatif； docile as it is； still
worrying him； and very justly； he foresaw the session of 1813。
CHAPTER II。
I。
Principal service rendered by the public power。 … It is an
instrumentality。 … A common law for every instrumentality。 …
Mechanical instruments。 … Physiological instruments。 … Social
instruments。 … The perfection of an instrument increases with the
convergence of its effects。
What is the service which the public power renders to the public？ …
The principal one is the protection of the community against the
foreigner； and of private individuals against each other。 … Evidently；
to do this； it must in all cases be provided with indispensable means；
namely： diplomats； an army； a fleet； arsenals； civil and criminal
courts； prisons； a police； taxation and tax…collectors； a hierarchy of
agents and local supervisors； who； each in his place and attending to
his special duty； will co…operate in securing the desired effect。 …
Evidently； again； to apply all these instruments； the public power
must have； according to the case； this or that form or constitution；
this or that degree of impulse and energy： according to the nature and
gravity of external or internal danger； it is proper that it should be
concentrated or divided； emancipated from control or under control；
authoritative or liberal。 No indignation need be cherished beforehand
against its mechanism。 Strictly speaking； it is a vast piece appliance
in the human community； such as a machine in a factory or such as
organ in the human body。 If this organ is the only on that can carry
out the task； let us accept it and its structure： whoever wants the
end wants the means。 All we can ask is that the means shall be adapted
to the end； in other terms； that the myriad of large or small local or
central pieces shall be determined； adjusted； and coordinated in view
of the final and total effect to which they co…operate nearly or
remotely。
But； whether simple or compound； every engine which does any work is
subject to one condition； the better it is suited to any distinct
purpose the less it is suited to other purposes； as its perfection
increases； so does its application become limited。 … Accordingly； if
there are two distinct instruments applied to two distinct objects；
the more perfect they are； each of its kind； the more do their domains
become circumscribed and opposed to each other； as one of them becomes
more capable of doing its own work it becomes more incapable of doing
the work of the other； finally； neither can take the place of the
other； and this is true whatever the instrument may be； mechanical；
physiological； or social。
At the very lowest grade of human industry the savage possesses but
one tool； with his cutting or pointed bit of stone he kills； breaks；
splits； bores； saws； and carves； the instrument suffices； in the main；
for all sorts of services。 After this come the lance； the hatchet； the
hammer； the punch； the saw； the knife； each adapted to a distinct
purpose and less efficacious outside of that purpose： one cannot saw
well with a knife； and one cuts badly with a saw。 Later； highly…
perfected engines appear； and； wholly special； the sewing…machine and
the typewriter： it is impossible to sew with the typewriter or write
with the sewing…machine。 … In like manner； when at the lowest round of
the organic ladder the animal is simply a shapeless jelly； homogeneous
and viscous； all parts of it are equally suited to all functions； the
amoebae； indifferently and by all the cells of its body； can walk；
seize； swallow； digest； breathe； and circulate all its fluids； expel
its waste； and propagate its species。 A little higher up； in fresh…
water polyp； the internal sac which digests and the outer skin which
serves to envelop it can； if absolutely necessary； change their
functions； if you turn the animal inside out like a glove it continues
to live； its skin； become internal； fulfills the office of a stomach；
its stomach； become external； fulfills the office of an envelope。 But；
the higher we ascend； the more do the organs； complicated by the
division and subdivision of labor； diverge； each to its own side； and
refuse to take each other's place。 The heart； with the mammal； is only
good for impelling the blood； while the lungs only furnish the blood
with oxygen； one cannot possibly do the work of the other； between the
two domains the special structure of the former and the special
structure of the latter interpose an impassable barrier。 … In like
manner； finally； at the very bottom of the social scale … lower down
than the Andamans and the Fuegians … we find a primitive stage of
humanity in which society consists wholly of a herd。 In this herd
there is no distinct association in view of a distinct purpose； there
is n