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minds that copper is abundant； and still believing it to be so。 It appears that from time immemorial pure native copper has been found at a place on the coast about thirty miles east of Delli。
The natives say they find it in the bed of a ravine； and many years ago a captain of a vessel is said to have got some hundreds…weight of it。 Now； however； it is evidently very scarce； as during the two years Mr。 Geach resided in the country； none was found。 I was shown one piece several pounds' weight； having much the appearance of one of the larger Australian nuggets； but of pure copper instead of gold。 The natives and the Portuguese have very naturally imagined that where these fragments come from there must be more； and they have a report or tradition； that a mountain at the head of the ravine is almost pure copper； and of course of immense value。
After much difficulty a company was at length formed to work the copper mountain； a Portuguese merchant of Singapore supplying most of the capital。 So confident were they of the existence of the copper； that they thought it would be waste of time and money to have any exploration made first； and accordingly； sent to England for a mining engineer； who was to bring out all necessary tools； machinery； laboratory； utensils； a number of mechanics； and stores of all kinds for two years； in order to commence work on a copper…mine which he was told was already discovered。 On reaching Singapore a ship was freighted to take the men and stores to Timor； where they at length arrived after much delay； a long voyage； and very great expense。
A day was then fixed to 〃open the mines。〃 Captain Hart accompanied Mr。 Geach as interpreter。 The Governor； the Commandante； the Judge； and all the chief people of the place went in state to the mountain； with Mr。 Geach's assistant and some of the workmen。 As they went up the valley Mr。 Leach examined the rocks； but saw no signs of copper。 They went on and on； but still nothing except a few mere traces of very poor ore。 At length they stood on the copper mountain itself。 The Governor stopped； the officials formed a circle； and he then addressed them； saying； that at length the day had arrived they had all been so long expecting； when the treasures of the soil of Timor would be brought to light； and much more in very graandiloquent Portuguese； and concluded by turning to Mr。 Leach； and requesting him to point out the best spot for them to begin work at once； and uncover the mass of virgin copper。 As the ravines and precipices among which they had passed； and which had been carefully examined； revealed very clearly the nature and mineral constitution of the country； Mr。 Geach simply told them that there was not a trace of copper there； and that it was perfectly useless to begin work。 The audience were thunderstruck！ The Governor could not believe his ears。 At length； when Mr。 Geach had repeated his statement； the Governor told him severely that he was mistaken； that they all knew there was copper there in abundance； and all they wanted him to tell them； as a mining…engineer； was how best to get at it； and that at all events he was to begin work somewhere。 This Mr。 Geach refused to do； trying to explain that the ravines had cut far deeper into the hill than he could do in years； and that he would not throw away money or time on any such useless attempt。 After this speech had been interpreted to him； the Governor saw it was no use； and without saying a word turned his horse and rode away； leaving my friends alone on the mountain。 They all believed there was some conspiracy that the Englishman would not find the copper； and that they had been cruelly betrayed。
Mr。 Geach then wrote to the Singapore merchant who was his employer； and it was arranged that he should send the mechanics home again； and himself explore the country for minerals。 At first the Government threw obstacles in his way and entirely prevented his moving； but at length he was allowed to travel about； and for more than a year he and his assistant explored the eastern part of Timor； crossing it in several places from sea to sea； and ascending every important valley； without finding any minerals that would pay the expense of working。 Copper ore exists in several places； but always too poor in quality。 The best would pay well if situated in England； but in the interior of an utterly barren country； with roads to make； and all skilled labour and materials to import； it would have been a losing concern。 Gold also occurs； but very sparingly and of poor quality。 A fine spring of pure petroleum was discovered far in the interior； where it can never be available until the country is civilized。 The whole affair was a dreadful disappointment to the Portuguese Government； who had considered it such a certain thing that they had contracted for the Dutch mail steamers to stop at Delli and several vessels from Australia were induced to come with miscellaneous cargoes； for which they expected to find a ready sale among the population at the newly… opened mines。 The lumps of native copper are still； however； a mystery。 Mr。 Geach has examined the country in every direction without being able to trace their origin； so that it seems probable that they result from the debris of old copper…bearing strata； and are not really more abundant than gold nuggets are in Australia or California。 A high reward was offered to any native who should find a piece and show the exact spot where he obtained it； but without effect。
The mountaineers of Timor are a people of Papuan type； having rather slender forms； bushy frizzled hair； and the skin of a dusky brown colour。 They have the long nose with overhanging apex which is so characteristic of the Papuan； and so absolutely unknown among races of Malayan origin。 On the coast there has been much admixture of some of the Malay races； and perhaps of Hindu； as well as of Portuguese。 The general stature there is lower； the hair wavy instead of frizzled； and the features less prominent。 The houses are built on the ground； while the mountaineers raise theirs on posts three or four feet high。 The common dress is a long cloth； twisted around the waist and hanging to the knee； as shown in the illustration （page 305）； copied from a photograph。 Both men carry the national umbrella； made of an entire fan…shaped palm leaf； carefully stitched at the fold of each leaflet to prevent splitting。 This is opened out； and held sloping over the head and back during a shower。 The small water…bucket is made from an entire unopened leaf of the same palm； and the covered bamboo probably contains honey for sale。 A curious wallet is generally carried； consisting of a square of strongly woven cloth； the four corners of which are connected by cords； and often much ornamented with beads and tassels。 Leaning against the house behind the figure on the right are bamboos； used instead of water jars。
A prevalent custom is the 〃pomali；〃 exactly equivalent to the 〃taboo〃 of the Pacific islanders； and equally respected。 It is used on the commonest occasions； and a few palm leaves stuck outside a garden as a sign of the 〃pomali〃 will preserve its produce from thieves as effectually as the threatening notice of man…traps；