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＇6＇ See chapter xii； note 3； Buddha's pari…nirvana is equivalent to
Buddha's death。
＇7＇ See chapter xiii； note 6。 The order of the characters is different here；
but with the same meaning。
＇8＇ See the preparation of such a deed of grant in a special case； as
related in chapter xxxix。 No doubt in Fa…hien's time； and long before and
after it； it was the custom to engrave such deeds on plates of metal。
＇9＇ 〃No monk can eat solid food except between sunrise and noon；〃
and total abstinence from intoxicating drinks is obligatory （Davids'
Manual； p。 163）。 Food eaten at any other part of the day is called vikala；
and forbidden； but a weary traveller might receive unseasonable
refreshment； consisting； as Watters has shown （Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282）； of
honey； butter； treacle； and sesamum oil。
＇10＇ The expression here is somewhat perplexing； but it occurs again
in chapter xxxviii； and the meaning is clear。 See Watters； Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282；
3。 The rules are given at length in the Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； p。
272 and foll。； and p。 279 and foll。
＇11＇ Sariputtra （Singh。 Seriyut） was one of the principal disciples of
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Buddha； and indeed the most learned and ingenious of them all； so that he
obtained the title of ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃knowledge and wisdom。〃 He is also called
Buddha's 〃right…hand attendant。〃 His name is derived from that of his
mother Sarika； the wife of Tishya； a native of Nalanda。 In Spence Hardy；
he often appears under the name of Upatissa （Upa… tishya）； derived from
his father。 Several Sastras are ascribed to him； and indeed the followers of
the Abhidharma look on him as their founder。 He died before Sakyamuni；
but is to reappear as a future Buddha。 Eitel； pp。 123； 124。
＇12＇ Mugalan； the Singhalese name of this disciple； is more
pronounceable。 He also was one of the principal disciples； called Buddha's
〃left…hand attendant。〃 He was distinguished for his power of vision； and
his magical powers。 The name in the text is derived from the former
attribute； and it was by the latter that he took up an artist to Tushita to get a
view of Sakyamuni； and so make a statue of him。 （Compare the similar
story in chap。 vi。） He went to hell； and released his mother。 He also died
before Sakyamuni； and is to reappear as Buddha。 Eitel； p。 65。
＇13＇ See chapter xii； note 2。
＇14＇ A passage rather difficult to construe。 The 〃families〃 would be
those more devout than their neighbours。
＇15＇ One rarely hears this preaching in China。 It struck me most as I
once heard it at Osaka in Japan。 There was a pulpit in a large hall of the
temple； and the audience sat around on the matted floor。 One priest took
the pulpit after another； and the hearers nodded their heads occasionally；
and indicated their sympathy now and then by an audible 〃h'm；〃 which
reminded me of Carlyle's description of meetings of 〃The Ironsides〃 of
Cromwell。
＇16＇ This last statement is wanting in the Chinese editions。
＇17＇ There was a Kasyapa Buddha； anterior to Sakyamuni。 But this
Maha… kasyapa was a Brahman of Magadha； who was converted by
Buddha； and became one of his disciples。 He took the lead after
Sakyamuni's death； convoked and directed the first synod； from which his
title of Arya… sthavira is derived。 As the first compiler of the Canon； he is
considered the fountain of Chinese orthodoxy； and counted as the first
patriarch。 He also is to be reborn as Buddha。 Eitel； p。 64。
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＇18＇ The bhikshunis are the female monks or nuns； subject to the same
rules as the bhikshus； and also to special ordinances of restraint。 See
Hardy's E。 M。； chap。 17。 See also Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； p。
321。
＇19＇ The Sramaneras are the novices； male or female； who have vowed
to observe the Shikshapada； or ten commandments。 Fa…hien was himself
one of them from his childhood。 Having heard the Trisharana； or threefold
formula of Refuge；〃I take refuge in Buddha； the Law； the Church； the
novice undertakes to observe the ten precepts that forbid （1） destroying
life； （2） stealing； （3） impurity； （4） lying； （5） intoxicating drinks； （6） eating
after midday； （7） dancing； singing； music； and stage…plays； （8） garlands；
scents； unguents； and ornaments； （9） high or broad couches； （10） receiving
gold or silver。〃 Davids' Manual； p。 160； Hardy's E。 M。； pp。 23； 24。
＇20＇ The eldest son of Sakyamuni by Yasodhara。 Converted to
Buddhism； he followed his father as an attendant； and after Buddha's death
became the founder of a philosophical realistic school （vaibhashika）。 He is
now revered as the patron saint of all novices； and is to be reborn as the
eldest son of every future Buddha。 Eitel； p。 101。 His mother also is to be
reborn as Buddha。
＇21＇ There are six （sometimes increased to ten） paramitas； 〃means of
passing to nirvana：Charity； morality； patience； energy； tranquil
contemplation； wisdom （prajna）； made up to ten by use of the proper
means； science； pious vows； and force of purpose。 But it is only prajna
which carries men across the samsara to the shores of nirvana。〃 Eitel； p。
90。
＇22＇ According to Eitel （pp。 71； 72）； 〃A famous Bodhisattva； now
specially worshipped in Shan…se； whose antecedents are a hopeless jumble
of history and fable。 Fa…hien found him here worshipped by followers of
the mahayana school； but Hsuan…chwang connects his worship with the
yogachara or tantra…magic school。 The mahayana school regard him as the
apotheosis of perfect wisdom。 His most common titles are Mahamati；
〃Great wisdom；〃 and Kumara…raja； 〃King of teaching； with a thousand
arms and a hundred alms…bowls。〃
＇23＇ Kwan…she…yin and the dogmas about him or her are as great a
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mystery as Manjusri。 The Chinese name is a mistranslation of the Sanskrit
name Avalokitesvra； 〃On…looking Sovereign；〃 or even 〃On… looking Self…
Existent；〃 and mean