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doubt； a phonetisation of the Sanskrit stupa or Pali thupa； and it is well in
translating to use for the structures described by him the name of topes；
made familiar by Cunningham and other Indian antiquarians。 In the
thirteenth chapter there is an account of one built under the
superintendence of Buddha himself； 〃as a model for all topes in future。〃
They were usually in the form of bell…shaped domes； and were solid；
surmounted by a long tapering pinnacle formed with a series of rings；
varying in number。 But their form； I suppose； was often varied； just as we
have in China pagodas of different shapes。 There are several topes now in
the Indian Institute at Oxford； brought from Buddha Gaya； but the largest
of them is much smaller than 〃the smallest〃 of those of Khoten。 They were
intended chiefly to contain the relics of Buddha and famous masters of his
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Law； but what relics could there be in the Tiratna topes of chapter xvi？
＇5＇ The meaning here is much disputed。 The author does not mean to
say that the monk's apartments were made 〃square；〃 but that the
monasteries were made with many guest…chambers or spare rooms。
＇6＇ The Sanskrit term for a monastery is used here；Sangharama；
〃gardens of the assembly；〃 originally denoting only 〃the surrounding park；
but afterwards transferred to the whole of the premises〃 （E。 H。； p。 118）。
Gomati； the name of this monastery； means 〃rich in cows。〃
＇7＇ A denomination for the monks as vimala； 〃undefiled〃 or 〃pure。〃
Giles makes it 〃the menials that attend on the monks；〃 but I have not met
with it in that application。
＇8＇ K'eeh…ch'a has not been clearly identified。 Remusat made it
Cashmere； Klaproth； Iskardu； Beal makes it Kartchou； and Eitel； Khas'a；
〃an ancient tribe on the Paropamisus； the Kasioi of Ptolemy。〃 I think it was
Ladak； or some well…known place in it。 Hwuy…tah； unless that name be an
alias； appears here for the first time。
＇9＇ Instead of 〃four；〃 the Chinese copies of the text have 〃fourteen；〃
but the Corean reading is； probably； more correct。
＇10＇ There may have been； as Giles says； 〃maids of honour；〃 but the
character does not say so。
＇11＇ The Sapta…ratna； gold； silver； lapis lazuli； rock crystal； rubies；
diamonds or emeralds； and agate。 See Sacred Books of the East （Davids'
Buddhist Suttas）； vol。 xi。； p。 249。
＇12＇ No doubt that of Sakyamuni himself。
＇13＇ A Bodhisattva is one whose essence has become intelligence； a
Being who will in some future birth as a man （not necessarily or usually
the next） attain to Buddhahood。 The name does not include those Buddhas
who have not yet attained to pari…nirvana。 The symbol of the state is an
elephant fording a river。 Popularly； its abbreviated form P'u…sa is used in
China for any idol or image； here the name has its proper signification。
＇14＇ ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃all the thien；〃 or simply 〃the thien〃 taken as plural。 But
in Chinese the character called thien ｛。｝ denotes heaven； or Heaven； and is
interchanged with Ti and Shang Ti； meaning God。 With the Buddhists it
denotes the devas or Brahmanic gods； or all the inhabitants of the six
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devalokas。 The usage shows the antagonism between Buddhism and
Brahmanism； and still more that between it and Confucianism。
＇15＇ Giles and Williams call this 〃the oratory of Buddha。〃 But
〃oratory〃 gives the idea of a small apartment； whereas the name here leads
the mind to think of a large 〃hall。〃 I once accompanied the monks of a
large monastery from their refectory to the Hall of Buddha； which was a
lofty and spacious apartment splendidly fitted up。
＇16＇ The Ts'ung； or 〃Onion〃 range； called also the Belurtagh
mountains； including the Karakorum； and forming together the connecting
links between the more northern T'een…shan and the Kwun…lun mountains
on the north of Thibet。 It would be difficult to name the six countries
which Fa…hien had in mind。
＇17＇ This seems to be the meaning here。 My first impression of it was
that the author meant to say that the contributions which they received
were spent by the monks mainly on the buildings； and only to a small
extent for themselves； and I still hesitate between that view and the one in
the version。
There occurs here the binomial phrase kung…yang ｛。｝ ｛。｝； which is one
of the most common throughout the narrative； and is used not only of
support in the way of substantial contributions given to monks；
monasteries； and Buddhism； but generally of all Buddhistic worship； if I
may use that term in the connexion。 Let me here quote two or three
sentences from Davids' Manual （pp。 168…170）：〃The members of the
order are secured from want。 There is no place in the Buddhist scheme for
churches； the offering of flowers before the sacred tree or image of the
Buddha takes the place of worship。 Buddhism does not acknowledge the
efficacy of prayers； and in the warm countries where Buddhists live； the
occasional reading of the law； or preaching of the word； in public； can take
place best in the open air； by moonlight； under a simple roof of trees or
palms。 There are five principal kinds of meditation； which in Buddhism
takes the place of prayer。〃
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CHAPTER IV
THROUGH THE TS'UNG OR 〃ONION〃 MOUNTAINS TO K'EEH…
CH'A；PROBABLY SKARDO； OR SOME CITY MORE TO THE EAST
IN LADAK
When the processions of images in the fourth month were over； Sang…
shao； by himself alone； followed a Tartar who was an earnest follower of
the Law；＇1＇ and proceeded towards Kophene。＇2＇ Fa…hien and the others
went forward to the kingdom of Tsze…hoh； which it took them twenty…five
days to reach。＇3＇ Its king was a strenuous follower of our Law；＇4＇ and had
（around him） more than a thousand monks； mostly students of the
mahayana。 Here （the travellers） abode fifteen days； and then went south
for four days； when they found themselves a