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there was seen； more often on the southern range； a cowboy wearing chaps made of skins tanned with the hair on； for the cowboy of the Southwest early learned that goatskin left with the hair on would turn the cactus thorns better than any other material。 Later； the chaps became a sort of affectation on the part of new men on the range； but the old…time cowboy wore them for use； not as a uniform。 In hot weather he laid them off。
In the times when some men needed guns and all men carried them； no pistol of less than 44…caliber was tolerated on the range； the solid framed 45…caliber being the one almost universally used。 The barrel was eight inches long； and it shot a rifle cartridge of forty grains of powder and a blunt…ended bullet that made a terrible missile。 This weapon depended from a belt worn loose resting upon the left hip and hanging low down on the right hip so that none of the weight came upon the abdomen。 This was typical； for the cowboy was neither fancy gunman nor army officer。 The latter carries the revolver on the left； the butt pointing forward。
An essential part of the cow…puncher's outfit was his 〃rope。〃 This was carried in a close coil at the side of the saddle…horn； fastened by one of the many thongs scattered over the saddle。 In the Spanish country it was called reata and even today is sometimes seen in the Southwest made of rawhide。 In the South it was called a lariat。 The modern rope is a well…made three…quarter…inch hemp rope about thirty feet in length； with a leather or rawhide eye。 The cowboy's quirt was a short heavy whip； the stock being of wood or iron covered with braided leather and carrying a lash made of two or three heavy loose thongs。 The spur in the old days had a very large rowel with blunt teeth an inch long。 It was often ornamented with little bells or oblongs of metal； the tinkling of which appealed to the childlike nature of the Plains rider。 Their use was to lock the rowel。
His bridlefor； since the cowboy and his mount are inseparable； we may as well speak of his horse's dress alsowas noticeable for its tremendously heavy and cruel curbed bit； known as the 〃Spanish bit。〃 But in the ordinary riding and even in the exciting work of the old round…up and in 〃cutting out；〃 the cowboy used the bit very little； nor exerted any pressure on the reins。 He laid the reins against the neck of the pony opposite to the direction in which he wished it to go； merely turning his hand in the direction and inclining his body in the same way。 He rode with the pressure of the knee and the inclination of the body and the light side…shifting of both reins。 The saddle was the most important part of the outfit。 It was a curious thing； this saddle developed by the cattle trade； and the world has no other like it。 Its great weightfrom thirty to forty poundswas readily excusable when one remembers that it was not only seat but workbench for the cowman。 A light saddle would be torn to pieces at the first rush of a maddened steer； but the sturdy frame of a cow…saddle would throw the heaviest bull on the range。 The high cantle would give a firmness to the cowboy's seat when he snubbed a steer with a sternness sufficient to send it rolling heels over head。 The high pommel； or 〃horn；〃 steel…forged and covered with cross braids of leather； served as anchor post for this same steer； a turn of the rope about it accomplishing that purpose at once。 The saddle…tree forked low down over the pony's back so that the saddle sat firmly and could not readily be pulled off。 The great broad cinches bound the saddle fast till horse and saddle were practically one fabric。 The strong wooden house of the old heavy stirrup protected the foot from being crushed by the impact of the herd。 The form of the cow…saddle has changed but little； although today one sees a shorter seat and smaller horn； a 〃swell front〃 or roll； and a stirrup of open 〃ox…bow〃 pattern。
The round…up was the harvest of the range。 The time of the calf round…up was in the spring after the grass had become good and after the calves had grown large enough for the branding。 The State Cattle Association divided the entire State range into a number of round…up districts。 Under an elected round…up captain were all the bosses in charge of the different ranch outfits sent by men having cattle in the round…up。 Let us briefly draw a picture of this scene as it was。
Each cowboy would have eight or ten horses for his own use； for he had now before him the hardest riding of the year。 When the cow…puncher went into the herd to cut out calves he mounted a fresh horse； and every few hours he again changed horses； for there was no horse which could long endure the fatigue of the rapid and intense work of cutting。 Before the rider stretched a sea of interwoven horns； waving and whirling as the densely packed ranks of cattle closed in or swayed apart。 It was no prospect for a weakling； but into it went the cow…puncher on his determined little horse； heeding not the plunging； crushing； and thrusting of the excited cattle。 Down under the bulks of the herd； half hid in the whirl of dust； he would spy a little curly calf running； dodging； and twisting； always at the heels of its mother； and he would dart in after； following the two through the thick of surging and plunging beasts。 The sharp…eyed pony would see almost as soon as his rider which cow was wanted and he needed small guidance from that time on。 He would follow hard at her heels； edging her constantly toward the flank of the herd； at times nipping her hide as a reminder of his own superiority。 In spite of herself the cow would gradually turn out toward the edge； and at last would be swept clear of the crush； the calf following close behind her。 There was a whirl of the rope and the calf was laid by the heels and dragged to the fire where the branding irons were heated and ready。
Meanwhile other cow…punchers are rushing calves to the branding。 The hubbub and turmoil increase。 Taut ropes cross the ground in many directions。 The cutting ponies pant and sweat； rear and plunge。 The garb of the cowboy is now one of white alkali which hangs gray in his eyebrows and moustache。 Steers bellow as they surge to and fro。 Cows charge on their persecutors。 Fleet yearlings break and run for the open； pursued by men who care not how or where they ride。
We have spoken in terms of the past。 There is no calf round…up of the open range today。 The last of the roundups was held in Routt County； Colorado； several years ago； so far as the writer knows； and it had only to do with shifting cattle from the summer to the winter range。
After the calf round…up came the beef round…up； the cowman's final harvest。 This began in July or August。 Only the mature or fatted animals were cut out from the herd。 This 〃beef cut〃 was held apart and driven on ahead from place to place as the round…up progressed。 It was then driven in by easy stages to the shipping point on the railroad； whence the long trainloads of cattle went to the great markets。
In the heyday of the cowboy it was natural that his chief amusements should be those of the outdoor air and those more or less in line with his employment。 He was accustomed to the sight of big game； and so h