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ond that valley out into the Spanish country； moved steadily the adventurers whose fathers had but recently crossed the Appalachians。 One of the strongest thrusts of the American civilization thus entered the cattle…range at its lower end； between the Rio Grande and the Red River。
In all the several activities； mining； freighting； scouting； soldiering； riding pony express； or even sheer adventuring for what might come； there was ever a trading back and forth between home…staying men and adventuring men。 Thus there was an interchange of knowledge and of customs between East and West； between our old country and our new。 There was an interchange； too； at the south； where our Saxon civilization came in touch with that of Mexico。
We have now to note some fundamental facts and principles of the cattle industry which our American cattlemen took over ready…made from the hands of Mexico。
The Mexicans in Texas had an abundance of small； hardy horses of African and Spanish breed； which Spain had brought into the New Worldthe same horses that the Moors had brought into Spaina breed naturally hardy and able to subsist upon dry food。 Without such horses there could have been no cattle industry。 These horses； running wild in herds； had crossed to the upper Plains。 La Verendrye； and later Lewis and Clark； had found the Indians using horses in the north。 The Indians； as we have seen； had learned to manage the horse。 Formerly they had used dogs to drag the travois； but now they used the 〃elk…dog；〃 as they first called the horse。
In the original cow country； that is； in Mexico and Texas； countless herds of cattle were held in a loose sort of ownership over wide and unknown plains。 Like all wild animals in that warm country； they bred in extraordinary numbers。 The southern range； indeed； has always been called the breeding range。 The cattle had little value。 He who wanted beef killed beef。 He who wanted leather killed cattle for their hides。 But beyond these scant and infrequent uses cattle had no definite value。
The Mexican； however； knew how to handle cows。 He could ride a horse； and he could rope cattle and brand them。 Most of the cattle of a wide range would go to certain water…holes more or less regularly； where they might be roughly collected or estimated。 This coming of the cattle to the watering…places made it unnecessary for owners of cattle to acquire ranch land。 It was enough to secure the water…front where the cows must go to drink。 That gave the owner all the title he needed。 His right to the increase he could prove by another phenomenon of nature； just as inevitable and invariable as that of thirst。 The maternal instinct of a cow and the dependence of the calf upon its mother gave the old rancher of immemorial times sufficient proof of ownership in the increase of his herd。 The calf would run with its own mother and with no other cow through its first season。 So that if an old Mexican ranchero saw a certain number of cows at his watering…places； and with them calves； he knew that all before him were his propertyor； at least； he claimed them as such and used them。
Still； this was loose…footed property。 It might stray away after all； or it might be driven away。 Hence； in some forgotten time； our shrewd Spaniard invented a system of proof of ownership which has always lain at the very bottom of the organized cow industry； he invented the method of branding。 This meant his sign； his name； his trade…mark； his proof of ownership。 The animal could not shake it off。 It would not burn off in the sun or wash off in the rain。 It went with the animal and could not be eradicated from the animal's hide。 Wherever the bearer was seen； the brand upon its hide provided certain identification of the owner。
Now； all these basic ideas of the cow industry were old on the lower range in Texas when our white men first drifted thither。 The cattle industry； although in its infancy； and although supposed to have no great future； was developed long before Texas became a republic。 It never； indeed； changed very much from that time until the end of its own career。
One great principle was accepted religiously even in those early and crude days。 A man's cow was HIS cow。 A man's brand was HIS brand。 There must be no interference with his ownership。 Hence certain other phases of the industry followed inevitably。 These cattle； these calves； each branded by the iron of the owner； in spite of all precautions； began to mingle as settlers became more numerous； hence came the idea of the round…up。 The country was warm and lazy。 If a hundred or a thousand cows were not collected； very well。 If a calf were separated from its mother； very well。 The old ranchers never quarreled among themselves。 They never would have made in the South anything like a cattle association； it was left for the Yankees to do that at a time when cows had come to have far greater values。 There were few arguments in the first rodeos of the lower range。 One rancher would vie with his neighbor in generosity in the matter of unbranded calves。 Haggling would have been held contemptible。 On the lower range in the old times no one cared much about a cow。 Why should one do so？ There was no market for cowsno one who wished to buy them。 If one tendered a Mexican cinquo pesos for a yearling or a two…year…old； the owner might perhaps offer the animal as a gift； or he might smile and say 〃Con mucho gusto〃 as he was handed a few pieces of silver。 There were plenty of cows everywhere in the world！
Let us； therefore； give the old Spaniard full credit alike in picturesque romance and in the organized industry of the cow。 The westbound thrust which came upon the upper part of the range in the days of more shrewd and exacting business methods was simply the best…known and most published phase of frontier life in the cow country； hence we have usually accepted it as typical。 It would not be accurate to say that the cattle industry was basically much influenced or governed by northern or eastern men。 In practically all of its great phenomena the frontier of the old cow…range was southern by birth and growth。
There lay； then； so long unused； that vast and splendid land so soon to write romantic history of its own； so soon to come into the admiration or the wonder of a great portion of the eartha land of fascinating interest to the youth of every country； and a region whose story holds a charm for young and old alike even today。 It was a region royal in its dimensions。 Far on the west it was hedged by the gray…sided and white…topped mountains； the Rockies。 Where the buffalo once lived； the cattle were to live； high up in the foothills of this great mountain range which ran from the Rio Grande to Canada。 On the east； where lay the Prairies rather than the Plains； it was a country waving with high native grasses； with many brilliant flowers hiding among them； the sweet…William； the wild rose； and often great masses of the yellow sunflower。
》From the Rio Grande to the Athabaska； for the greater part； the frontier sky was blue and cloudless during most of the year。 The rainfall was not great。 The atmosphere was dry。 It was a cheerful country； one of optimism and not of gloom。 In the extreme south