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skimo and the Zulu each thinks that he has the best land in the world： So with the American Indian； who； supported by the vast herds of buffalo； ranged all over that tremendous country which was later to be given over to the white man with his domestic cattle。 No freer life ever was lived by any savages than by the Horse Indians of the Plains in the buffalo days； and never has the world known a physically higher type of savage。
On the buffalo…rangethat is to say； on the cattle…range which was to beLewis and Clark met several bands of the Siouxthe Mandans and the Assiniboines； the Blackfeet； the Shoshones。 Farther south were the Pawnees； the Kaws； the Otoes； the Osages； most of whom depended in part upon the buffalo for their living； though the Otoes； the Pawnees； the Mandans； and certain others now and then raised a little corn or a few squashes to help out their bill of fare。 Still farther south dwelt the Kiowas； the Comanches； and others。 The Arapahoes； the Cheyennes； the Crows； and the Utes； all hunters； were soon to come into the ken of the white man。 Of such of these tribes as they met； the youthful captains made accounting； gravely and with extraordinary accuracy； but without discovering in this region much future for Americans。 They were explorers and not industrial investigators。
It was nearly half a century after the journey of Lewis and Clark that the Forty…Niners were crossing the Plains； whither； meanwhile； the Mormons had trekked in search of a country where they might live as they liked。 Still the wealth of the Plains remained untouched。 California was in the eyes of the world。 The great cow…range was overleaped。 But； in the early fifties； when the placer fields of California began to be less numerous and less rich； the half…savage population of the mines roared on northward； even across our northern line。 Soon it was to roll back。 Next it worked east and southeast and northeast over the great dry plains of Washington and Oregon； so that； as readily may be seen； the cow…range proper was not settled as most of the West was； by a directly westbound thrust of an eastern population； but； on the contrary； it was approached from several different anglesfrom the north； from the east； from the west and northwest； and finally from the south。
The early； turbulent population of miners and adventurers was crude； lawless； and aggressive。 It cared nothing whatever for the Indian tribes。 War； instant and merciless； where it meant murder for the most part； was set on foot as soon as white touched red in that far western region。
All these new white men who had crowded into the unknown country of the Plains； the Rockies； the Sierras； and the Cascades； had to be fed。 They could not employ and remain content with the means by which the red man there had always fed himself。 Hence a new industry sprang up in the United States； which of itself made certain history in that land。 The business of freighting supplies to the West； whether by bull…train or by pack…train； was an industry sui generic； very highly specialized； and pursued by men of great business ability as well as by men of great hardihood and daring。
Each of these freight trains which went West carried hanging on its flank more and more of the white men。 As the trains returned； more and more was learned in the States of the new country which lay between the Missouri and the Rockies； which ran no man knew how far north； and no man could guess how far south。 Now appears in history Fort Benton； on the Missouri； the great northern supply postjust as at an earlier date there had appeared Fort Hall； one of the old fur…trading posts beyond the Rockies； Bent's Fort on the Arkansas； and many other outposts of the new Saxon civilization in the West。
Later came the pony express and the stage coach which made history and romance for a generation。 Feverishly； boisterously； a strong； rugged； womanless population crowded westward and formed the wavering； now advancing； now receding line of the great frontier of American story。
But for long there was no sign of permanent settlement on the Plains； and no one thought of this region as the frontier。 The men there who were prospecting and exploiting were classified as no more than adventurers。 No one seems to have taken a lesson from the Indian and the buffalo。 The reports of Fremont long since had called attention to the nourishing quality of those grasses of the high country； but the day of the cowboy had not yet dawned。 There is a somewhat feeble story which runs to the effect that in 1866 one of the great wagon…trains； caught by the early snows of winter； was obliged to abandon its oxen on the range。 It was supposed that； of course； the oxen must perish during the winter。 But next spring the owners were surprised to find that the oxen； so far from perishing； had flourished very muchindeed； were fat and in good condition。 So runs the story which is often repeated。 It may be true； but to accredit to this incident the beginnings of the cattle industry in the Indian country would surely be going too far。 The truth is that the cow industry was not a Saxon discovery。 It was a Latin enterprise； flourishing in Mexico long before the first of these miners and adventurers came on the range。
Something was known of the Spanish lands to the south through the explorations of Pike； but more through the commerce of the prairiesthe old wagon trade from the Missouri River to the Spanish cities of Sante Fe and Chihuahua。 Now the cow business； south of the Rio Grande； was already well differentiated and developed at the time the first adventurers from the United States went into Texas and began to crowd their Latin neighbors for more room。 There it was that our Saxon frontiersmen first discovered the cattle industry。 But these southern and northern riflemenruthless and savage； yet strangely statesmanlikethough they might betimes drive away the owners of the herds； troubled little about the herds themselves。 There was a certain fascination to these rude strangers in the slow and easeful civilization of Old Spain which they encountered in the land below them。 Little by little； and then largely and yet more largely； the warriors of San Jacinto reached out and began to claim lands for themselvesleagues and uncounted leagues of land； which had； however； no market value。 Well within the memory of the present generation large tracts of good land were bought in Texas for six cents an acre； some was bought for half that price in a time not much earlier。 Today much of that land is producing wealth； but land then was worthlessand so were cows。
This civilization of the Southwest； of the new Republic of Texas； may be regarded as the first enduring American result of contact with the Spanish industry。 The men who won Texas came mostly from Kentucky and Tennessee or southern Ohio； and the first colonizer of Texas was a Virginian； Stephen Fuller Austin。 They came along the old Natchez Trace from Nashville to the Mississippi Riverthat highway which has so much history of its own。 Down this old winding trail into the greatest valley of all the world； and beyond that valley out into the Spanish country； moved steadily the adventurers whose fathers had but r