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water…fronts； their own homesteads。 Casually； and at first without any objection filed by any one； they had included in their fences many hundreds of thousands of acres of range land to which they had no title whatever。 These menlike the large…handed cow barons of the Indian Nations； who had things much as they willed in a little unnoted realm all their ownhad money and political influence。 And there seemed still range enough for all。 If a man wished to throw a drift fence here or there； what mattered it？
Up to this time not much attention had been paid to the Little Fellow； the man of small capital who registered a brand of his own； and who with a Maverick* here and there and the natural increase； and perhaps a trifle of unnatural increase here and therehad proved able to accumulate with more or less rapidity a herd of his own。 Now the cattle associations passed rules that no foreman should be allowed to have or register a brand of his own。 Not that any foreman could be suspectednot at all！but the foreman who insisted on his old right to own a running iron and a registered brand was politely asked to find his employment somewhere else。
* In the early days a rancher by the name of Maverick； a Texas man； had made himself rich simply by riding out on the open range and branding loose and unmarked occupants of the free lands。 Hence the term 〃Maverick〃 was applied to any unbranded animal running loose on the range。 No one cared to interfere with these early activities in collecting unclaimed cattle。 Many a foundation for a great fortune was laid in precisely that way。 It was not until the more canny days in the North that Mavericks were regarded with jealous eyes。
The large…handed and once generous methods of the old range now began to narrow themselves。 Even if the Little Fellow were able to throw a fence around his own land； very often he did not have land enough to support his herd with profit。 A certain antipathy now began to arise between the great cattle owners and the small ones； especially on the upper range； where some rather bitter wars were foughtthe cow kings accusing their smaller rivals of rustling cows； the small man accusing the larger operators of having for years done the same thing； and of having grown rich at it。
The cattle associations； thrifty and shifty； sending their brand inspectors as far east as the stockyards of Kansas City and Chicago； naturally had the whip hand of the smaller men。 They employed detectives who regularly combed out the country in search of men who had loose ideas of mine and thine。 All the time the cow game was becoming stricter and harder。 Easterners brought on the East's idea of property； of low interest； sure returns； and good security。 In short； there was set on once moreas there had been in every great movement across the entire West the old contest between property rights and human independence in action。 It was now once more the Frontier against the States； and the States were foredoomed to win。
The barb…wire fence； which was at first used extensively by the great operators； came at last to be the greatest friend of the Little Fellow on the range。 The Little Fellow； who under the provisions of the homestead act began to push West arid； to depart farther and farther from the protecting lines of the railways； could locate land and water for himself and fence in both。 〃I've got the law back of me；〃 was what he said； and what he said was true。 Around the old cow camps of the trails； and around the young settlements which did not aspire to be called cow camps； the homesteaders fenced in landso much land that there came to be no place near any of the shipping…points where a big herd from the South could be held。 Along the southern range artificial barriers to the long drive began to be raised。 It would be hard to say whether fear of Texas competition or of Texas cattle fever was the more powerful motive in the minds of ranchers in Colorado and Kansas。 But the cattle quarantine laws of 1885 nearly broke up the long drive of that year。 Men began to talk of fencing off the trails； and keeping the northbound herds within the fencesa thing obviously impossible。
The railroads soon rendered this discussion needless。 Their agents went down to Texas and convinced the shippers that it would be cheaper and safer to put their cows on cattle trains and ship them directly to the ranges where they were to be delivered。 And in time the rails running north and south across the Staked Plains into the heart of the lower range began to carry most of the cattle。 So ended the old cattle trails。
What date shall we fix for the setting of the sun of that last frontier？ Perhaps the year 1885 is as accurate as anythe time when the cattle trails practically ceased to bring north their vast tribute。 But； in fact； there is no exact date for the passing of the frontier。 Its decline set in on what day the first lank 〃nester〃 from the States outspanned his sun…burned team as he pulled up beside some sweet water on the rolling lands； somewhere in the West； and looked about him； and looked again at the land map held in his hand。
〃I reckon this is our land； Mother；〃 said he。
When he said that； he pronounced the doom of the old frontier。
Chapter IX。 The Homesteader
His name was usually Nester or Little Fellow。 It was the old story of the tortoise and the hare。 The Little Fellow was from the first destined to win。 His steady advance； now on this flank； now on that； just back of the vanguard pushing westward； had marked the end of all our earlier frontiers。 The same story now was being written on the frontier of the Plains。
But in the passing of this last frontier the type of the land…seeking man； the type of the American； began to alter distinctly。 The million dead of our cruel Civil War left a great gap in the American population which otherwise would have occupied the West and Northwest after the clearing away of the Indians。 For three decades we had been receiving a strong and valuable immigration from the north of Europe。 It was in great part this continuous immigration which occupied the farming lands of upper Iowa； Minnesota； and the Dakotas。 Thus the population of the Northwest became largely foreign。 Each German or Scandinavian who found himself prospering in this rich new country was himself an immigration agency。 He sent back word to his friends and relatives in the Old World and these came to swell the steadily thickening population of the New。
We have seen that the enterprising cattlemen had not been slow to reach out for such resources as they might。 Perhaps at one time between 1885 and 1890 there were over ten million acres of land illegally fenced in on the upper range by large cattle companies。 This had been done without any color of law whatever； a man simply threw out his fences as far as he liked； and took in range enough to pasture all the cattle that he owned。 His only pretext was 〃I saw it first。〃 For the Nester who wanted a way through these fences out into the open public lands； he cherished a bitter resentment。 And yet the Nester must in time win through； must eventually find the little piece of land which he was seeking。
The government at Washington wa