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punitive campaign he had his hands full for many a long and weary day。
Events following the close of the Civil War did not mend matters in the Indian situation。 The railroads had large land grants given to them along their lines； and they began to offer these lands for sale to settlers。 Soldier scrip entitling the holder to locate on public lands now began to float about。 Some of the engineers； even some of the laborers； upon the railroads； seeing how really feasible was the settlement of these Plains； began to edge out and to set up their homes； usually not far from the railway lines。 All this increase in the numbers of the white population not only infuriated the Indians the more； but gave them the better chance to inflict damage upon our people。 Our Army therefore became very little more than a vast body of police； and it was always afoot with the purpose of punishing these offending tribesmen； who knew nothing of the higher laws of war and who committed atrocities that have never been equalled in history； unless it be by one of the belligerents of the Great War in Europe； with whom we are at this writing engagedonce more in the interest of a sane and human civilization。 The last great struggle for the occupation of the frontier was on。 It involved the ownership of the last of our open lands； and hence may be called the war of our last frontier。
The settler who pushed West continued to be the man who shared his time between his rifle and his plough。 The numerous buffalo were butchered with an endless avidity by the men who now appeared upon the range。 As the great herds regularly migrated southward with each winter's snows； they were met by the settlers along the lower railway lines and in a brutal commerce were killed in thousands and in millions。 The Indians saw this sudden and appalling shrinkage of their means of livelihood。 It meant death to them。 To their minds； especially when they thought we feared them； there was but one answer to all thisthe whites must all be killed。
Red Cloud； Crazy Horse； Roman Nose； American Horse； Black Kettlethese were names of great Indian generals who proved their ability to fight。 At times they brought into the open country； which as yet remained unoccupied by the great pastoral movement from the south； as many as five thousand mounted warriors in one body； and they were well armed and well supplied with ammunition。 Those were the days when the Indian agents were carrying on their lists twice as many Indians as actually existedand receiving twice as many supplies as really were issued to the tribes。 The curse of politics was ours even at that time； and it cost us then； as now； unestimated millions of our nation's dearest treasures。 As to the reservations which the Indians were urged to occupy； they left them when they Iced。 In the end； when they were beaten； all they were asked to do was to return to these reservations and be fed。
There were fought in the West from 1869 to 1875 more than two hundred pitched actions between the Army and the Indians。 In most cases the white men were heavily outnumbered。 The account which the Army gave of itself on scores of unremembered minor fieldswhich meant life or death to all engagedwould make one of the best pages of our history； could it be written today。 The enlisted men of the frontier Army were riding and shooting men； able to live as the Indians did and able to beat them at their own game。 They were led by Army officers whose type has never been improved upon in any later stage of our Army itself； or of any army in the world。
There are certain great battles which may at least receive notice； although it would be impossible to mention more than a few of the encounters of the great Indian wars on the buffalo…range at about the time of the buffalo's disappearance。 The Fetterman Massacre in 1866； near Fort Phil Kearney； a post located at the edge of the Big Horn Mountains； was a blow which the Army never has forgotten。 〃In a place of fifty feet square lay the bodies of Colonel Fetterman； Captain Brown； and sixty…five enlisted men。 Each man was stripped naked and hacked and scalped； the skulls beaten in with war clubs and the bodies gashed with knives almost beyond recognition； with other ghastly mutilations that the civilized pen hesitates to record。〃
This tragedy brought the Indian problem before the country as never before。 The hand of the Western rancher and trader was implacably against the tribesmen of the plains； the city…dweller of the East； with hazy notions of the Indian character； was disposed to urge lenient methods upon those responsible for governmental policy。 While the Sioux and Cheyenne wars dragged on； Congress created； by act of July 20； 1867； a peace commission of four civilians and three army officers to deal with the hostile tribes。 For more than a year； with scant sympathy from the military members； this commission endeavored to remove the causes of friction by amicable conference with the Indian chiefs。 The attitude of the Army is reflected in a letter of General Sherman to his brother。 〃We have now selected and provided reservations for all； off the great roads。 All who cling to their old hunting…grounds are hostile and will remain so till killed off。 We will have a sort of predatory war for yearsevery now and then be shocked by the indiscriminate murder of travelers and settlers； but the country is so large； and the advantage of the Indians so great； that we cannot make a single war and end it。 From the nature of things we must take chances and clean out Indians as we encounter them。〃
Segregation of the Indian tribes upon reservations seemed to the commission the only solution of the vexing problem。 Various treaties were made and others were projected looking toward the removal of the tribesmen from the highways of continental travel。 The result was misgiving and increased unrest among the Indians。
In midsummer of 1868 forays occurred at many points along the border of the Indian Territory。 General Sheridan； who now commanded the Department of the Missouri； believed that a general war was imminent。 He determined to teach the southern tribesmen a lesson they would not forget。 In the dead of winter our troops marched against the Cheyennes； then in their encampments below the Kansas line。 The Indians did not believe that white men could march in weather forty below zero； during which they themselves sat in their tepees around their fires； but our cavalrymen did march in such weather； and under conditions such as our cavalry perhaps could not endure today。 Among these troops was the Seventh Cavalry； Custer's Regiment； formed after the Civil War； and it was led by Lieutenant…Colonel George A。 Custer himself； that gallant officer whose name was to go into further and more melancholy history of the Plains。
Custer marched until he got in touch with the trails of the Cheyennes； whom he knew to belong to Black Kettle's band。 He did not at the time know that below them； in the same valley of the Washita； were also the winter encampments of the Kiowas； the Comanches； the Arapahoes； and even a few Apaches。 He attacked at dawn of a bleak winter morning； November 27； 1868； after taking the precaution of surrounding t