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govern a disorderly and tumultuous rabble； and that never is made use of；
but like physic to the sick； in a discomposed state。 In those where the
vulgar or the ignorant； or both together； have been all…powerful and able
to give the law； as in those of Athens； Rhodes； and Rome； and where the
public affairs have been in a continual tempest of commotion； to such
places have the orators always repaired。 And in truth； we shall find few
persons in those republics who have pushed their fortunes to any great
degree of eminence without the assistance of eloquence。
Pompey； Caesar； Crassus； Lucullus； Lentulus； Metellus； thence took their
chiefest spring； to mount to that degree of authority at which they at
last arrived； making it of greater use to them than arms； contrary to the
opinion of better times； for； L。 Volumnius speaking publicly in favour of
the election of （Q。 Fabius and Pub。 Decius； to the consular dignity：
〃These are men；〃 said he； 〃born for war and great in execution； in the
combat of the tongue altogether wanting； spirits truly consular。 The
subtle； eloquent； and learned are only good for the city； to make
praetors of； to administer justice。〃＇Livy； x。 22。＇
Eloquence most flourished at Rome when the public affairs were in the
worst condition and most disquieted with intestine commotions； as a free
and untilled soil bears the worst weeds。 By which it should seem that a
monarchical government has less need of it than any other： for the
stupidity and facility natural to the common people； and that render them
subject to be turned and twined and； led by the ears by this charming
harmony of words； without weighing or considering the truth and reality
of things by the force of reason： this facility； I say； is not easily
found in a single person； and it is also more easy by good education and
advice to secure him from the impression of this poison。 There was never
any famous orator known to come out of Persia or Macedon。
I have entered into this discourse upon the occasion of an Italian I
lately received into my service； and who was clerk of the kitchen to the
late Cardinal Caraffa till his death。 I put this fellow upon an account
of his office： when he fell to discourse of this palate…science； with
such a settled countenance and magisterial gravity； as if he had been
handling some profound point of divinity。 He made a learned distinction
of the several sorts of appetites； of that a man has before he begins to
eat； and of those after the second and third service； the means simply to
satisfy the first； and then to raise and actuate the other two； the
ordering of the sauces； first in general； and then proceeded to the
qualities of the ingredients and their effects； the differences of salads
according to their seasons； those which ought to be served up hot； and
which cold； the manner of their garnishment and decoration to render them
acceptable to the eye。 After which he entered upon the order of the
whole service； full of weighty and important considerations：
〃Nec minimo sane discrimine refert；
Quo gestu lepores； et quo gallina secetur；〃
＇〃Nor with less discrimination observes how we should carve a hare；
and how a hen。〃 or； （〃Nor with the least discrimination relates how
we should carve hares； and how cut up a hen。）〃
Juvenal； Sat。； v。 123。＇
and all this set out with lofty and magnificent words； the very same we
make use of when we discourse of the government of an empire。 Which
learned lecture of my man brought this of Terence into my memory：
〃Hoc salsum est； hoc adustum est； hoc lautum est； parum：
Illud recte： iterum sic memento： sedulo
Moneo； qux possum； pro mea sapientia。
Postremo； tanquam in speculum； in patinas；
Demea； Inspicere jubeo； et moneo； quid facto usus sit。〃
＇〃This is too salt； that's burnt； that's not washed enough； that's
well； remember to do so another time。 Thus do I ever advise them to
have things done properly； according to my capacity； and lastly；
Demea； I command my cooks to look into every dish as if it were a
mirror； and tell them what they should do。〃
Terence； Adelph。； iii。 3； 71。＇
And yet even the Greeks themselves very much admired and highly applauded
the order and disposition that Paulus AEmilius observed in the feast he
gave them at his return from Macedon。 But I do not here speak of
effects； I speak of words only。
I do not know whether it may have the same operation upon other men that
it has upon me； but when I hear our architects thunder out their bombast
words of pilasters； architraves； and cornices； of the Corinthian and
Doric orders； and suchlike jargon； my imagination is presently possessed
with the palace of Apollidon； when； after all； I find them but the paltry
pieces of my own kitchen door。
To hear men talk of metonomies； metaphors； and allegories； and other
grammar words； would not one think they signified some rare and exotic
form of speaking？ And yet they are phrases that come near to the babble
of my chambermaid。
And this other is a gullery of the same stamp； to call the offices of our
kingdom by the lofty titles of the Romans； though they have no similitude
of function； and still less of authority and power。 And this also； which
I doubt will one day turn to the reproach of this age of ours； unworthily
and indifferently to confer upon any we think fit the most glorious
surnames with which antiquity honoured but one or two persons in several
ages。 Plato carried away the surname of Divine； by so universal a
consent that never any one repined at it； or attempted to take it from
him； and yet the Italians； who pretend； and with good reason； to more
sprightly wits and sounder sense than the other nations of their time；
have lately bestowed the same title upon Aretin； in whose writings； save
tumid phrases set out with smart periods； ingenious indeed but far…
fetched and fantastic； and the eloquence； be it what it may； I see
nothing in him above the ordinary writers of his time； so far is he from
approaching the ancient divinity。 And we make nothing of giving the
surname of great to princes who have nothing more than ordinary in them。
CHAPTER LII
OF THE PARSIMONY OF THE ANCIENTS
Attilius Regulus； general of the Roman army in Africa； in the height of
all his glory and victories over the Carthaginians； wrote to the Republic
to acquaint them that a certain hind he had left in trust with his
estate； which was in all but seven acres of land； had run away with all
his instruments of husbandry； and entreating therefore； that they would
please to call him home that he might take order in his own affairs； lest
his wife and children should suffer by this disaster。 Whereupon the
Senate appointed another to manage his business； caused his losses to be
made good； and ordered his family to be maintained at the public expense。
The elder Cato； returning consul from Spain； sold his warhorse to save
the money it would have cost in bringing it back by sea into Italy； and
being Governor of Sardinia； he made all his visits on foot； witho