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ct that he has no longer the right to conceive theology as he conceives it。 The development of his science has destroyed that right。 He does not realise how profoundly modern biology has affected our ideas of individuality and species； and how the import of theology is modified through these changes。 When he comes from his own world of modern biology to religion and philosophy he goes back in time。 He attacks religion as he understood it when first he fell out with it fifty years or more ago。 Let us state as compactly as possible the nature of these changes that biological science has wrought almost imperceptibly in the general scheme and method of our thinking。 The influence of biology upon thought in general consists essentially in diminishing the importance of the individual and developing the realisation of the species； as if it were a kind of super…individual； a modifying and immortal super…individual； maintaining itself against the outer universe by the birth and death of its constituent individuals。 Natural History； which began by putting individuals into species as if the latter were mere classificatory divisions； has come to see that the species has its adventures； its history and drama； far exceeding in interest and importance the individual adventure。 〃The Origin of Species〃 was for countless minds the discovery of a new romance in life。 The contrast of the individual life and this specific life may be stated plainly and compactly as follows。 A little while ago we current individuals； we who are alive now； were each of us distributed between two parents； then between four grandparents； and so on backward； we are temporarily assembled； as it were； out of an ancestral diffusion； we stand our trial； and presently our individuality is dispersed and mixed again with other individualities in an uncertain multitude of descendants。 But the species is not like this； it goes on steadily from newness to newness； remaining still a unity。 The drama of the individual life is a mere episode； beneficial or abandoned； in this continuing adventure of the species。 And Metchnikoff finds most of the trouble of life and the distresses of life in the fact that the species is still very painfully adjusting itself to the fluctuating conditions under which it lives。 The conflict of life is a continual pursuit of adjustment； and the 〃ills of life；〃 of the individual life that is； are due to its 〃disharmonies。〃 Man； acutely aware of himself as an individual adventure and unawakened to himself as a species； finds life jangling and distressful； finds death frustration。 He fails and falls as a person in what may be the success and triumph of his kind。 He does not apprehend the struggle or the nature of victory； but only his own gravitation to death and personal extinction。 Now Professor Metchnikoff is anti…religious； and he is anti… religious because to him as to so many Europeans religion is confused with priest…craft and dogmas； is associated with disagreeable early impressions of irrational repression and misguidance。 How completely he misconceives the quality of religion； how completely he sees it as an individual's affair； his own words may witness：
〃Religion is still occupied with the problem of death。 The solutions which as yet it has offered cannot be regarded as satisfactory。 A future life has no single argument to support it； and the non…existence of life after death is in consonance with the whole range of human knowledge。 On the other hand； resignation as preached by Buddha will fail to satisfy humanity； which has a longing for life； and is overcome by the thought of the inevitability of death。〃
Now here it is clear that by death he means the individual death； and by a future life the prolongation of individuality。 But Buddhism does not in truth appear ever to have been concerned with that； and modern religious developments are certainly not under that preoccupation with the narrower self。 Buddhism indeed so far from 〃preaching resignation〃 to death； seeks as its greater good a death so complete as to be absolute release from the individual's burthen of KARMA。 Buddhism seeks an ESCAPE FROM INDIVIDUAL IMMORTALITY。 The deeper one pursues religious thought the more nearly it approximates to a search for escape from the self…centred life and over…individuation； and the more it diverges from Professor Metchnikoff's assertion of its aims。 Salvation is indeed to lose one's self。 But Professor Metchnikoff having roundly denied that this is so； is then left free to take the very essentials of the religious life as they are here conceived and present them as if they were the antithesis of the religious life。 His book； when it is analysed； resolves itself into just that research for an escape from the painful accidents and chagrins of individuation； which is the ultimate of religion。 At times； indeed； he seems almost wilfully blind to the true solution round and about which his writing goes。 He suggests as his most hopeful satisfaction for the cravings of the human heart； such a scientific prolongation of life that the instinct for self… preservation will be at last extinct。 If that is not the very 〃resignation〃 he imputes to the Buddhist I do not know what it is。 He believes that an individual which has lived fully and completely may at last welcome death with the same instinctive readiness as； in the days of its strength； it shows for the embraces of its mate。 We are to be glutted by living to six score and ten。 We are to rise from the table at last as gladly as we sat down。 We shall go to death as unresistingly as tired children go to bed。 Men are to have a life far beyond the range of what is now considered their prime； and their last period （won by scientific self…control） will be a period of ripe wisdom （from seventy to eighty to a hundred and twenty or thereabouts） and public service！ （But why； one asks； public service？ Why not book…collecting or the simple pleasure of reminiscence so dear to aged egotists？ Metchnikoff never faces that question。 And again； what of the man who is challenged to die for right at the age of thirty？ What does the prolongation of life do for him？ And where are the consolations for accidental misfortune； for the tormenting disease or the lost limb？） But in his peroration Professor Metchnikoff lapses into pure religiosity。 The prolongation of life gives place to sheer self… sacrifice as the fundamental 〃remedy。〃 And indeed what other remedy has ever been conceived for the general evil of life？
〃On the other hand；〃 he writes； 〃the knowledge that the goal of human life can be attained only by the development of a high degree of solidarity amongst men will restrain actual egotism。 The mere fact that the enjoyment of life according to the precepts of Solomon （Ecelesiastes ix。 7…10）* is opposed to the goal of human life； will lessen luxury and the evil that comes from luxury。 Conviction that science alone is able to redress the disharmonies of the human constitution will lead directly to the improvement of education and to the solidarity of mankind。 * Go thy way； eat thy bre