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sick。
〃There is another reason which moves my thought and desires this way； namely that our young students in Physick may be trained up better then they yet bee； who have onely theoreticall knowledge； and are forced to fall to practise before ever they saw an Anatomy made； or duely trained up in making experiments； for we never had but one Anatomy in the countrey； which Mr。 Giles Firman ＇Firmin＇ now in England； did make and read upon very well； but no more of that now。〃
Since the time of the Apostle Eliot the Lord has stirred up the hearts of our people to the building of many Schools and Colleges where medicine is taught in all its branches。 Mr。 Giles Firmin's 〃Anatomy 〃 may be considered the first ancestor of a long line of skeletons which have been dangling and rattling in our lecture…rooms for more than a century。
Teaching in New England in 1647 was a grave but simple matter。 A single person； combining in many cases； as in that of Mr。 Giles Firmin； the offices of physician and preacher； taught what he knew to a few disciples whom he gathered about him。 Of the making of that 〃Anatomy〃 on which my first predecessor in the branch I teach〃 did read very well〃 we can know nothing。 The body of some poor wretch who had swung upon the gallows； was probably conveyed by night to some lonely dwelling at the outskirts of the village； and there by the light of flaring torches hastily dissected by hands that trembled over the unwonted task。 And ever and anon the master turned to his book； as he laid bare the mysteries of the hidden organs； to his precious Vesalius； it might be； or his figures repeated in the multifarious volume of Ambroise Pare； to the Aldine octavo in which Fallopius recorded his fresh observations； or that giant folio of Spigelius just issued from the press of Amsterdam； in which lovely ladies display their viscera with a coquettish grace implying that it is rather a pleasure than otherwise to show the lace…like omentum； and hold up their appendices epiploicae as if they were saying 〃these are our jewels。〃
His teaching of medicine was no doubt chiefly clinical； and received with the same kind of faith as that which accepted his words from the pulpit。 His notions of disease were based on what he had observed； seen always in the light of the traditional doctrines in which he was bred。 His discourse savored of the weighty doctrines of Hippocrates； diluted by the subtle speculations of Galen； reinforced by the curious comments of the Arabian schoolmen as they were conveyed in the mellifluous language of Fernelius； blended； it may be； with something of the lofty mysticism of Van Helmont； and perhaps stealing a flavor of that earlier form of Homoeopathy which had lately come to light in Sir Kenelm Digby's 〃Discourse concerning the Cure of Wounds by the Sympathetic Powder。〃
His Pathology was mythology。 A malformed foetus； as the readers of Winthrop's Journal may remember； was enough to scare the colonists from their propriety； and suggest the gravest fears of portended disaster。 The student of the seventeenth century opened his Licetus and saw figures of a lion with the head of a woman； and a man with the head of an elephant。 He had offered to his gaze； as born of a human mother； the effigy of a winged cherub； a pterocephalous specimen； which our Professor of Pathological Anatomy would hardly know whether to treat with the reverence due to its celestial aspect； or to imprison in one of his immortalizing jars of alcohol。
His pharmacopoeia consisted mainly of simples； such as the venerable 〃Herball〃 of Gerard describes and figures in abounding affluence。 St。 John's wort and Clown's All…heal； with Spurge and Fennel； Saffron and Parsley； Elder and Snake…root； with opium in some form； and roasted rhubarb and the Four Great Cold Seeds； and the two Resins； of which it used to be said that whatever the Tacamahaca has not cured； the Caranna will； with the more familiar Scammony and Jalap and Black Hellebore； made up a good part of his probable list of remedies。 He would have ordered Iron now and then； and possibly an occasional dose of Antimony。 He would perhaps have had a rheumatic patient wrapped in the skin of a wolf or a wild cat； and in case of a malignant fever with 〃purples〃 or petechiae； or of an obstinate king's evil； he might have prescribed a certain black powder； which had been made by calcining toads in an earthen pot； a choice remedy； taken internally； or applied to any outward grief。
Except for the toad…powder and the peremptory drastics； one might have borne up against this herb doctoring as well as against some more modern styles of medication。 Barbeyrac and his scholar Sydenham had not yet cleansed the Pharmacopoeia of its perilous stuff； but there is no doubt that the more sensible physicians of that day knew well enough that a good honest herb…tea which amused the patient and his nurses was all that was required to carry him through all common disorders。
The student soon learned the physiognomy of disease by going about with his master； fevers； pleurisies； asthmas； dropsies； fluxes； small…pox； sore…throats； measles； consumptions。 He saw what was done for them。 He put up the medicines； gathered the herbs； and so learned something of materia medico and botany。 He learned these few things easily and well； for he could give his whole attention to them。 Chirurgery was a separate specialty。 Women in child…birth were cared for by midwives。 There was no chemistry deserving the name to require his study。 He did not learn a great deal； perhaps； but what he did learn was his business； namely； how to take care of sick people。
Let me give you a picture of the old=fashioned way of instruction； by carrying you with me in imagination in the company of worthy Master Giles Firmin as he makes his round of visits among the good folk of Ipswich； followed by his one student； who shall answer to the scriptural name of Luke。 It will not be for entertainment chiefly； but to illustrate the one mode of teaching which can never be superseded； and which； I venture to say； is more important than all the rest put together。 The student is a green hand； as you will perceive。
In the first dwelling they come to； a stout fellow is bellowing with colic。
〃He will die； Master； of a surety； methinks；〃 says the timid youth in a whisper。
〃Nay； Luke；〃 the Master answers； 〃't is but a dry belly…ache。 Didst thou not mark that he stayed his roaring when I did press hard over the lesser bowels？ Note that he hath not the pulse of them with fevers； and by what Dorcas telleth me there hath been no long shutting up of the vice naturales。 We will steep certain comforting herbs which I will shew thee； and put them in a bag and lay them on his belly。 Likewise he shall have my cordial julep with a portion of this confection which we do call Theriaca Andromachi； which hath juice of poppy in it； and is a great stayer of anguish。 This fellow is at his prayers to…day； but I warrant thee he shall be swearing with the best of them to…morrow。〃
They jog along the bridle…path on their horses until they come to another lowly dwelling。 They sit a while with a delicate looking girl in whom the ingenuous youth naturall