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England in Huxley's time against the truths of science。 The clergy
considered scientific truth to be disastrous to religious truth。
Huxley's attitude toward the teaching of religious truth is
illuminated by this quotation； which he uses to explain his own
position： 〃I have the fullest confidence that in the reading and
explaining of the Bible； what the children will be taught will be
the great truths of Christian Life and conduct； which all of us
desire they should know； and that no effort will be made to cram
into their poor little minds； theological dogmas which their tender
age prevents them from understanding。〃 Huxley defines his idea of
a church as a place in which； 〃week by week； services should be
devoted； not to the iteration of abstract propositions in theology；
but to the setting before men's minds of an ideal of true； just and
pure living； a place in which those who are weary of the burden of
daily cares should find a moment's rest in the contemplation of the
higher life which is possible for all； though attained by so few； a
place in which the man of strife and of business should have time
to think how small； after all； are the rewards he covets compared
with peace and charity。〃
＇18＇
New Reformation： Huxley writes： 〃We are in the midst of a gigantic
movement greater than that which preceded and produced the
Reformation； and really only the continuation of that movement。 。 。 。
But this organization will be the work of generations of men；
and those who further it most will be those who teach men to rest
in no lie； and to rest in no verbal delusion。〃
ON THE ADVISABLENESS OF IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE （1866）
＇19＇
On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge： from Method
and Results： also published in Lay Sermons； Addresses and Reviews。
For the history of the times mentioned in this essay； see Green's
Short History of the English People。
＇20＇
The very spot： St。 Martin's Borough Hall and Public Library； on
Charing Cross Road； near Trafalgar Square。
＇21＇
Defoe （1661…1731）： an English novelist and political writer。 On
account of his political writings Defoe was sentenced to stand in
the pillory； and to be 〃imprisoned during the Queen's pleasure。〃
During this imprisonment he wrote many articles。 Later in life he
wrote Robinson Crusoe； The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll
Flanders； Journal of the Plague Year； and other books less well
known。
＇22＇
unholy cursing and crackling wit of the Rochesters and Sedleys：
John Wilmot； the second Earl of Rochester； and Sir Charles Sedley；
were both friends of Charles II； and were noted for biting wit and
profligacy。 Green； in his Short History of the English People；
thus describes them： 〃Lord Rochester was a fashionable poet； and
the titles of some of his poems are such as no pen of our day could
copy。 Sir Charles Sedley was a fashionable wit； and the foulness
of his words made even the porters in the Covent Garden belt him
from the balcony when he ventured to address them。〃
＇23＇
Laud： Archbishop of Canterbury。 Laud was born in 1573； and
beheaded at London in 1645。 He was throughout the reign of Charles
I a staunch supporter of the King。 He was impeached by the Long
Parliament in 1640 and executed on Tower Hill； in 1645。
＇24＇
selenography： the scientific study of the moon with special
reference to its physical condition。
＇25＇
Torricellian experiment： a reference to the discovery of the
principle of the barometer by the Italian； Torricelli； in 1643。
＇26＇
Sir Francis Bacon （1561…1626）： Bacon endeavored to teach that
civilization cannot be brought to a high point except as man
applies himself to the study of the secrets of nature； and uses
these discoveries for inventions which will give him power over his
environment。 The chief value of the work was that it called
attention to the uses of induction and to the experimental study of
facts。 See Roger's A Student's History of Philosophy； page 243。
＇27＇
The learned Dr。 Wallis （1616…1703）： Dr。 Wallis is regarded as the
greatest of Newton's predecessors in mathematical history。 His
works are numerous and are on a great variety of subjects。 He was
one of the first members of the Royal Society。
＇28＇
〃New Philosophy〃： Bacon's ideas on science and philosophy as set
forth in his works。
＇29＇
Royal Society： see note； page 11。
＇30＇
Newton； Sir Isaac （1642…1721）： a distinguished natural philosopher
of England。 Newton was elected a member of the Royal Society in
1672。 His most important scientific accomplishment was the
establishing of the law of universal gravitation。 The story of the
fall of the apple was first related by Voltaire to whom it was
given by Newton's niece。
＇31＇
〃Philosophical Transactions〃： the publications of the Royal
Society。
＇32＇
Galileo （1564…1642）： a famous Italian astronomer。 His most noted
work was the construction of the thermometer and a telescope。 He
discovered the satellites of Jupiter in 1610。 In 1610； also； he
observed the sun's spots。 His views were condemned by the Pope in
1616 and in 1633 he was forced by the Inquisition to abjure the
Copernican theory。
＇33＇
Vesalius （1514…1564）： a noted Belgian anatomist。
＇34＇
Harvey （1578…1657）： an English physiologist and anatomist。 He is
noted especially for his discovery of the circulation of the blood。
＇35＇
Subtle speculations： Selby gives examples from questions discussed
by Thomas Aquinas。 Whether all angels belong to the same genus；
whether demons are evil by nature； or by will； whether they can
change one substance into another； 。 。 。 whether an angel can move
from one point to another without passing through intermediate
space。
＇36＇
Schoolmen： a term used to designate the followers of scholasticism；
a philosophy of dogmatic religion which assumed a certain subject…
matter as absolute and unquestionable。 The duty of the Schoolman
was to explain church doctrine； these explanations were
characterized by fine distinctions and by an absence of real
content。 See Roger's A Student's History of Philosophy； also
Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology。
＇37＇
〃writ in water〃： an allusion to Keats' request that the words 〃Here
lies one whose name was writ in water〃 be his epitaph。 The words
are inscribed on his tomb in the Protestant Cemetery at Rome。
＇38＇
Lord Brouncker： The first president of the Royal Society after its
incorporation in 1662 was Lord Brouneker。
＇39＇
revenant： ghost。
＇40＇
Boyle： Robert Boyle （1627…1691）： a British chemist and natural
philosopher who was noted especially for his discovery of Boyle's
law of the elasticity of air。
＇41＇
Evelyn （1620…1706）： an English author and member of the Royal
Society。 His most important work is the Diary； valuable for the
full account which it gives of the manners and customs of the time。