按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
process the Notion remains in pure identity with itself； but this its immediate reflection…into…self has
equally the determination of objective immediacy； that which for the Notion is its own
determination； is equally a being； for it is the first negation of the presupposition。 Therefore the
posited determination ranks just as much as a presupposition that has been merely found； as an
apprehension of a datum； in fact the activity of the Notion here consists merely in being negative
towards itself； restraining itself and making itself passive towards what confronts it； in order that
the latter may be able to show itself； not as determined by the subject； but as it is in its own self。
Accordingly in this premise this cognition does not appear even as an application of logical
determinations； but as an acceptance and apprehension of them just as given； and its activity
appears to be restricted merely to the removal of a subjective obstacle； an external husk； from the
subject…matter。 This cognition is analytic cognition。
（a） Analytic Cognition
We sometimes find the difference between analytic and synthetic cognition stated in the form that
one proceeds from the known to the unknown； the other from the unknown to the known。 But if
this distinction is closely examined； it will be difficult to discover in it a definite thought； much less a
Notion。
It may be said that cognition begins in general with ignorance； for one does not learn to know
something with which one is already acquainted。 Conversely； it also begins with the known； this is
a tautological proposition； that with which it begins； which therefore it actually cognises； is ipso
facto something known； what is not as yet known and is to be known only later is still an
unknown。 So far； then； it must be said that cognition； once it has begun； always proceeds from the
known to the unknown。
The distinguishing feature of analytic cognition is already defined in the fact that as the first premise
of the whole syllogism； analytic cognition does not as yet contain mediation； it is the immediate
communication of the Notion and does not as yet contain otherness； and in it the activity empties
itself of its negativity。 However； this immediacy of the relation is for that reason itself a mediation；
for it is the negative relation of the Notion to the object； but a relation that annuls itself； thereby
making itself simple and identical。 This reflection…into…self is only subjective； because in its
mediation the difference is present still only in the form of the presupposed implicit difference； as
difference of the object within itself。 The determination； therefore； brought about by this relation；
is the form of simple identity； of abstract universality。 Accordingly； analytic cognition has in
general this identity for its principle； and transition into an other； the connection of different terms；
is excluded from itself and from its activity。
If we look now more closely at analytic cognition； we see that it starts from a presupposed； and
therefore individual； concrete subject matter； this may be an object already complete in itself for
ordinary thought； or it may be a problem； that is to say； given only in its circumstances and
conditions； but not yet disengaged from them and presented on its own account in simple
self…subsistence。 Now the analysis of this subject matter cannot consist in its being merely
resolved into the particular picture thoughts which it may contain； such a resolution and the
apprehension of such picture thoughts is a business that would not belong to cognition； but would
merely be a matter of a closer acquaintance； a determination within the sphere of
picture…thinking。 Since analysis is based on the Notion； its products are essentially
Notion…determinations； and that too as determinations immediately contained in the subject
matter。
We have seen from the nature of the Idea of cognition； that the activity of the subjective Notion
must be regarded from one side merely as the explication of what is already in the object；
because the object itself is nothing but the totality of the Notion。 It is just as one…sided to represent
analysis as though there were nothing in the subject matter that was not imported into it； as it is
one…sided to suppose that the resulting determinations are merely extracted from it。 The former
view； as everyone knows； is enunciated by subjective idealism； which takes the activity of
cognition in analysis to be merely a one…sided positing； beyond which the thing…in…itself remains
concealed； the other view belongs to so…called realism which apprehends the subjective Notion as
an empty Identity that receives the thought determinations into itself from outside。 Analytic
cognition； the transformation of the given material into logical determinations； has shown itself to be
two things in one： a positing that no less immediately determines itself as a presupposing。
Consequently； by virtue of the latter； the logical element may appear as something already
complete in the object； just as by virtue of the former it may appear as the product of a merely
subjective activity。 But the two moments are not to be separated； the logical element in its abstract
form into which analysis raises it； is of course only to be found in cognition； while conversely it is
something not merely posited； but possessing being in itself。
Now since analytic cognition is the transformation indicated above； it does not pass through any
further middle term； the determination is in so far immediate and has just this meaning； to be
peculiar to the object and in itself to belong to it； and therefore to be apprehended from it without
any subjective mediation。 But further； cognition is supposed also to be a progress； an explication
of differences。 But because； in accordance with the determination it has here； it is Notion…less and
undialectical； it possesses only a given difference； and its progress takes place solely in the
determinations of the material。 It seems to have an immanent progress only in so far as the
derived thought determinations can be analysed afresh； in so far as they are a concrete； the highest
and ultimate point of this process of analysis is the abstract highest essence； or abstract subjective
identity … and over against it； diversity。
This progress is； however； nothing but the mere repetition of the one original act of analysis；
namely； the fresh determination as a concrete； of what has already been taken up into the abstract
form of the Notion； this is followed by the analysis of it； then by the determination afresh as a
concrete of the abstract that emerges from it； and so forth。 But the thought determinations seem
also to contain a transition within themselves。 If the object is determined as a whole； then of course
one advances from this to the other determination of part； from cause to the other determination
of effect； and so on。 But here this is no advance； since whole and part； cause and effect； are
relationships and moreover； for this formal cognition； relationships complete in themselves such
that in them one determination is already found essentially linked t