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middle term which unites them； and the ground which supports them。 Abstraction； in holding
rigidly to the self…subsistence of the extremes； opposes this unity to them as a determinateness
which likewise is fixed and self…subsistent； and in this way apprehends it rather as non…unity than
as unity。 The expression middle term is taken from spatial representation and contributes its share
to the stopping short at the mutual externality of the terms。 Now if the syllogism consists in the
unity of the extremes being posited in it； and if； all the same； this unity is simply taken on the one
hand as a particular on its own； and on the other hand as a merely external relation； and non…unity
is made the essential relationship of the syllogism； then the reason which constitutes the syllogism
contributes nothing to rationality。
First； the syllogism of existence in which the terms are thus immediately and abstractly
determined； demonstrates in itself （since； like the judgment； it is their relation） that they are not in
fact such abstract terms； but that each contains the relation to the other and that the middle term
is not particularity as opposed to the determinations of the extremes but contains these terms
posited in it。
Through this its dialectic it is converted into the syllogism of reflection； into the second syllogism。
The terms of this are such that each essentially shows in； or is reflected into； the other； in other
words they are posited as mediated； which they are supposed to be in accordance with the nature
of the syllogism in general。
Thirdly； in that this reflecting or mediatedness of the extremes is reflected into itself； the syllogism
is determined as the syllogism of necessity； in which the mediating element is the objective nature
of the thing。 As this syllogism determines the extremes of the Notion equally as totalities； the
syllogism has attained to the correspondence of its Notion or the middle term； and its existence of
the difference of its extremes； that is； it has attained to its truth and in doing so has passed out of
subjectivity into objectivity。
A The Syllogism of Existence
1。 The syllogism in its immediate form has for its moments the determinations of the Notion as
immediate。 Hence they are the abstract determinatenesses of form； which are not yet developed
by mediation into concretion； but are only single determinatenesses。 The first syllogism is；
therefore； strictly the formal syllogism。 The formalism of the syllogising process consists in
stopping short at the determination of this first syllogism。 The Notion； differentiated into its
abstract moments； has individuality and universality for its extremes； and appears itself as the
particularity standing between them。 On account of their immediacy they are merely self…related
determinatenesses； and one and all a single content。 Particularity constitutes the middle term in
the first instance since it unites immediately within itself the two moments of individuality and
universality。 On account of its determinateness it is on the one hand subsumed under the universal；
while on the other hand the individual； as against which it possesses universality； is subsumed
under it。 But this concretion is in the first instance merely a duality of aspect； on account of the
immediacy in which the middle term presents itself in the immediate syllogism。 it appears as a
simple determinateness； and the mediation which it constitutes is not yet posited。 Now the
dialectical movement of the syllogism of existence consists in the positing in its moments of the
mediation that alone constitutes the syllogism。
（a） First Figure of the Syllogism I…P…U
（b） The Second Figure P…I…U
（c） The Third Figure I…U…P
（d） The Fourth Figure U…U…U
B The Syllogism of Reflection
The course of the qualitative syllogism has sublated what was abstract in its terms with the result
that the term has posited itself as a determinateness in which the other determinateness is also
reflected。 Besides the abstract terms； the syllogism also contains their relation； and in the
conclusion this relation is posited as mediated and necessary； therefore each determinateness is in
truth posited not as an individual； separate one； but as a relation to the other； as a concrete
determinateness。
The middle term was abstract particularity； by itself a simple determinateness； and was a middle
term only externally and relatively to the self…subsistent extremes。 Now it is posited as the totality
of the terms； as such it is the posited unity of the extremes； but in the first instance it is the unity of
reflection which embraces them within itself…an inclusion which； as the first sublating of immediacy
and the first relating of the terms； is not yet the absolute identity of the Notion。
The extremes are the determinations of the judgment of reflection； individuality proper and
universality as a connective determination or a reflection embracing a manifold within itself。 But
the individual subject also contains； as we have seen in the case of the judgment of reflection；
besides the bare individuality which belongs to form； determinateness as universality absolutely
reflected into itself； as presupposed； that is here still immediately assumed； genus。
From this determinateness of the extremes which belongs to the progressive determination of the
judgment； there results the precise content of the middle term； which is essentially the point of
interest in the syllogism since it distinguishes syllogism from judgment。 It contains （1） individuality；
but （2） individuality extended to universality as all； （3） universality which forms the basis and
absolutely unites within itself individuality and abstract universality…that is； the genus。 It is in this
way that the syllogism of reflection is the first to possess genuine determinateness of form； in
that the middle term is posited as the totality of the terms； the immediate syllogism is by contrast
indeterminate； because the middle term is still only abstract particularity in which the moments of
its Notion are not yet posited。 This first syllogism of reflection may be called the syllogism of
allness。
（a） The Syllogism of Allness
（b） The Syllogism of Induction
（c） The Syllogism of Analogy
C The Syllogism of Necessity
The mediating element has now determined itself （1） as simple determinate universality； like the
particularity in the syllogism of existence； but （2） as objective universality； that is to say；
universality which contains the entire determinateness of the distinguished extremes like the allness
of the syllogism of reflection； a fulfilled yet simple universality…the universal nature of the fact；
the genus。
This syllogism is pregnant with content； because the abstract middle term of the syllogism of
existence posited itself as determinate difference to become the middle term of the syllogism of
reflection； while this difference has reflected itself into simple identity again。 This syllogism is
therefore the syllogism of necessity； for its middle term is not some alien immediate content； but
the reflection…into…self of the determinateness of the extremes。
Th