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the predicate； hence it constitutes the basis by which； and in accordance with which； the subject is
to be measured and determined。 However； the predicate also receives a further determination
through the further development of the form of the subject； but this occurs indirectly； whereas the
development of the subject is； for the reason stated； a direct advance。
As regards the objective signification of the judgment； the individual； through its universality； enters
into existence； but in an essential determination of relationship； in an essentiality which maintains
itself throughout the multiplicity of the world of Appearance； the subject is supposed to be
determinate in and for itself； this determinateness it possesses in its predicate。 The individual； on
the other hand； is reflected into this its predicate which is its universal essence； the subject is in so
far a concrete existence in the world of Appearance。 The predicate in this judgment no longer
inheres in the subject； it is rather the implicit being under which this individual is subsumed as an
accidental。 If the judgments of existence may also be defined as judgments of inherence；
judgments of reflection are； on the contrary； judgments of subsumption。
（a） The Singular Judgment
（b） The Particular Judgment
（c） The Universal Judgment
C。 THE JUDGMENT OF NECESSITY
The determination to which universality has advanced is； as we have seen； the universality which
is in and for itself or objective； to which in the sphere of essence substantiality corresponds。 It
is distinguished from the latter in that it belongs to the Notion and is therefore not merely the inner
but also the posited necessity of its determinations； or； in other words； the difference is immanent
in it； whereas substance has its difference only in its accidents； but not as principle within itself。
Now in the judgment； this objective universality is posited； first； therefore； with this its essential
determinateness as immanent in it； secondly； with its determinateness distinguished from it as
particularity； of which this universality constitutes the substantial basis。 In this way it is determined
as genus and species。
（a） The Categorical Judgment
（b） The Hypothetical Judgment
（c） The Disjunctive Judgment
D。 THE JUDGMENT OF THE NOTION
The ability to form judgments of existence such as 'the rose is red'； 'snow is white'； and so forth；
will hardly count as evidence of great powers of judgment。 The judgments of reflection are
rather propositions； in the judgment of necessity the object appears； it is true； in its objective
universality； but it is only in the judgment now to be considered that its relation to the Notion is
found。 In this judgment the Notion is laid down as the basis； and since it is in relation to the
object； it is an ought…to…be to which the reality may or may not be adequate。 Therefore it is only a
judgment of this kind that contains a true appreciation； the predicates good； bad； true； beautiful；
correct； etc。 express that the thing is measured against its universal Notion as the simply
presupposed ought…to…be and is； or is not； in agreement with it。
The judgment of the Notion has been called the judgment of modality and it has been regarded as
containing that form of the relationship between subject and predicate which is found in an external
understanding； and to be concerned with the value of the copula only in relation to thinking。
According to this view； the problematical judgment is one where the affirmation or denial is taken
as optional or possible； the assertoric； where it is taken as true； that is as actual； and the
apodeictic； where it is taken as necessary。 It is easy to see why it is so natural in the case of this
judgment to step out of the sphere of judgment itself and to regard its determination as something
merely subjective。 For here it is the Notion； or the subjective； that reappears in the judgment and
stands in relationship to an external actuality。 But this subjectivity is not to be confused with
external reflection； which of course is also something subjective； but in a different sense from the
Notion itself； on the contrary； the Notion that re…emerges from the disjunctive judgment is the
opposite of a mere contingent mode。 The earlier judgments are in this sense merely subjective；
for they are based on an abstraction and one…sidedness in which the Notion is lost。 The judgment
of the Notion； on the contrary； is objective and the truth as against those earlier judgments； just
because it has for its basis the Notion； not the Notion in external reflection or in relation to a
subjective； that is contingent； thinking； but the Notion in its determinateness as Notion。
In the disjunctive judgment the Notion was posited as identity of the universal nature with its
particularisation； consequently the relation of the judgment was cancelled。 This concretion of
universality and particularisation is； at first； a simple result； it has now to develop itself further into
totality； since the moments which it contains are at first swallowed up in it and as yet do not
confront one another in determinate self…subsistence。 The defect of the result may also be more
definitely expressed by saying that in the disjunctive judgment； although objective universality has
completed itself in its particularisation； yet the negative unity of the latter merely returns into the
former and has not yet determined itself to the third moment； that of individuality。 Yet in so far
as the result itself is negative unity； it is indeed already this individuality； but as such it is only
this one determinateness； which has now to posit its negativity； sunder itself into the extremes and
in this way finally develop into the syllogism。
The proximate diremption of this unity is the judgment in which it is posited first as subject； as an
immediate individual； and then as predicate； as the determinate relation of its moments。
（a） The Assertoric Judgment
（b） The Problematic Judgment
（c） The Apodetic Judgment
。。。 This judgment； then； is truly objective； or it is the truth of the judgment in general。 Subject and
predicate correspond to each other and have the same content； and this content is itself the
posited concrete universality； it contains； namely； the two moments； the objective universal or
the enus； and the individualised universal。 Here； therefore； we have the universal which is itself
and continues itself through its opposite and is a universal only as unity with this opposite。 A
universal of this kind； such as the predicate good； suitable； correct； etc。； is based on an
ought…to…be and at the same time contains the correspondence of existence to that ought…to…be；
it is not this ought…to…be or the genus by itself； but this correspondence that is the universality
which constitutes the predicate of the apodeictic judgment。
The subject likewise contains these two moments in immediate unity as the fact。 But it is the truth
of the fact that it is internally split into what it ought…to…be and what it is； this is the absolute
judgment on all actuality。 It is because this original parti