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effect； and so on； all this is something which； from this standpoint。 falls in me； the subject。
This crude presentation of subjective idealism is directly contradicted by the consciousness of
freedom； according to which I know myself rather as the universal and undetermined； and
separate off from myself those manifold and necessary determinations； recognising them as
something external for me and belonging only to things。 In this consciousness of its freedom the
ego is to itself that true identity reflected into itself； which the thing…in…itself was supposed to be。 1
have shown elsewhere that this transcendental idealism does not get away from the limitation of the
ego by the object； in general； from the finite world； but only changes the form of the limitation；
which remains for it an absolute； merely giving it a subjective instead of an objective shape and
making into determinatenesses of the ego and into a turbulent whirlpool of change within it （as if
the ego were a thing） that which the ordinary consciousness knows as a manifoldness and
alteration belonging only to things external to it。 At present we are considering only the
thing…in…itself and the reflection which is in the first instance external to it； this reflection has not yet
determined itself to consciousness； nor the thing…in…itself to ego。 We have seen from the nature of
the thing…in…itself and of external reflection that this same external reflection determines itself to be
the thing…in…itself； or； conversely； becomes the first thing…in…itself's own determination。
Now the inadequacy of the standpoint at which this philosophy stops short consists essentially in
holding fast to the abstract thing…in…itself as an ultimate determination； and in opposing to the
thing…in…itself reflection or the determinateness and manifoldness of the properties； whereas in fact
the thing…in…itself essentially possesses this external reflection within itself and determines itself to
be a thing with its own determinations； a thing endowed with properties； in this way demonstrating
the abstraction of the thing as a pure thing…in…itself to be an untrue determination。
（c） The Reciprocal Action of Things
B The Constitution of the Thing out of Matters
C Dissolution of the Thing
Chapter 2 Appearance
Existence is the immediacy of being to which essence has restored itself again。 This immediacy is
in itself the reflection of essence into itself。 Essence； as Existence； has issued from its ground
which has itself passed over into it。 Existence is this reflected immediacy in so far as it is in its own
self absolute negativity。 It is now also posited as this in that it has determined itself as
Appearance。
Accordingly Appearance is at first essence in its Existence； essence is immediately present in it。
The fact that it is not immediate but reflected Existence； constitutes the moment of essence in it；
or； Existence as essential Existence is Appearance。 Something is only Appearance…in the sense
that Existence as such is only a posited being； not a being in and for itself。 This constitutes its
essentiality； to have within itself the negativity of reflection； the nature of essence。 This is not an
alien； external reflection to which essence belongs and which； by comparing essence with
Existence； pronounces the latter to be Appearance。 On the contrary； as we have seen； this
essentiality of Existence which constitutes its Appearance； is the truth of Existence itself。 The
reflection by virtue of which it is this； is its own。
But if it is said that something is only Appearance； in the sense that contrasted with it immediate
Existence is the truth； then the fact is that Appearance is the higher truth； for it is Existence as
essential Appearance； whereas Existence； on the contrary； is still essenceless Appearance because
it contains only the one moment of Appearance； namely； Existence as immediate reflection； not yet
as its negative reflection。 When Appearance is called essenceless； one thinks of the moment of its
negativity as though the immediate by contrast were the positive and the true； but the fact is that
this immediate does not as yet contain the essential truth。 it is when Existence passes over into
Appearance that it ceases to be essenceless。
Essence at first reflects an illusory being ＇schein＇ within itself； within its simple identity； as such it
is abstract reflection； the pure movement from nothing through nothing back to itself。 Essence
appears； so that it is now real illusory being； since the moments of illusory being have Existence。
As we have seen； Appearance is the thing as the negative mediation of itself with itself； the
differences it contains are self…subsistent matters which are the contradiction of being an
immediate subsistence and at the same time only in an alien self…subsistence； of therefore having
their subsistence in the negation of their own self…subsistence； and again for that very reason also
only in the negation of this alien negation； or in the negation of their own negation。 Illusory being is
the same mediation； but its unstable moments have； in Appearance； the shape of immediate
self…subsistence。 On the other hand； the immediate self…subsistence which belongs to Existence is；
on its part； reduced to a moment。 Appearance is accordingly the unity of illusory being and
Existence。
Appearance now determines itself further。 It is essential Existence； the latter's essentiality is
distinguished from Appearance as unessential and these two sides enter into relation with each
other。 It is therefore at first simple self…identity which also contains various content…determinations；
and these themselves as well as their relation are what remains self…equal in the flux of
Appearance； this is the law of Appearance。
Secondly； however； the law which is simple in its diversity passes over into opposition； the
essential moment of Appearance becomes opposed to Appearance itself； the and world of
Appearance is confronted by the world of essence ＇die an sich seiende Welt＇。
Thirdly； this opposition returns into its ground； that which is in itself is in the Appearance and
conversely that which appears is determined as taken up into its in…itself； Appearance becomes
correlation or essential relation。
A The Law of Appearance
B The World of Appearance and the World…in…itself
C Dissolution of Appearance
Chapter 3 The Essential Relation
A The Relation of Whole and Parts
B The Relation of Force and its Expression
（a） The Conditionedness of Force
（b） The Solicitation of Force
（c） The Infinity of Force
C Relation of Outer and Inner
Remark： Immediate Identity of Inner and Outer
The movement of essence is in general the becoming of the Notion。 In the relation of inner and
outer； the essential moment of this emerges namely； that its determinations are posited as being in
negative unity in such a manner that each immediately is not only it other but also the totality of the
whole。 But in the Notion as such this totality is the universal…a substrate which is not yet present
in the relation of inner and outer。 In the negative identity of inner and outer whi