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private citizen there will come eventually； either through truce or
terms of peace； respite from war； but for the tyrant； the day of peace
will never dawn。 What peace can he have with those over whom he
exercises his despotic sway？＇8＇ Nor have the terms of truce been yet
devised； on which the despotic ruler may rely with confidence。＇9＇
＇5＇ ｛koinon｝； i。e。 making demands upon the eneriges of all the
citizens in common； as opposed to the personal character of war as
conducted by a despot = 〃public；〃 〃patriotic；〃 〃national〃 war。 Al。
borne by the particular ｛polis｝ as member of a league； whether of
states united for the time being in a ｛summakhia｝； or permanently
in a confederacy = a 〃federal〃 war。
＇6＇ 〃Even if serving on a campaign in the enemy's country。〃
＇7＇ Or； 〃he has to exercise the utmost vigilance。〃
＇8＇ 〃With those who are 'absolutely governed；' not to say tyrannically
ruled。〃
＇9＇ Or； 〃which the tyrant may accept in faith and go his way
rejoicing。〃
Wars doubtless there are；＇10＇ wars waged by states and wars waged by
autocratic monarchs against those whom they have forcibly enslaved；
and in respect of these wars there is no hardship which any member of
the states at war＇11＇ can suffer but the tyrant will feel it also。
That is to say； both must alike be under arms； keep guard； run risks；
and whatever the pains of defeat may be； they are equally sustained by
both。 Up to this point there is no distinction。 The 〃bitters〃 are
equal。 But when we come to estimate the 〃sweets〃 derivable from
warfare between states；＇12＇ the parallel ceases。 The tyrant； if he
shared the pains before； no longer shares the pleasures now。 What
happens when a state has gained the mastery in battle over her
antagonist？ It would be hard （I take it） to describe the joy of that
occurrence： joy in the rout； joy in the pursuit； joy in the slaughter
of their enemies； and in what language shall I describe the exultation
of these warriors at their feats of arms？ With what assumption they
bind on their brows the glittering wreath of glory；＇13＇ with what
mirth and jollity congratulate themselves on having raised their city
to newer heights of fame。 Each several citizen claims to have shared
in the plan of the campaign；＇14＇ and to have slain the largest number。
Indeed it would be hard to find where false embellishment will not
creep in；＇15＇ the number stated to be the slain exceeding that of
those that actually perished。 So truly glorious a thing it seems to
them to have won a great victory。＇16＇
＇10＇ Lit。 〃and further； wars there are； waged against forcibly…
subjected populations whether by free states〃e。g。 of Olynthus；
〃Hell。〃 V。 ii。 23； or Athens against her 〃subject allies〃 during
the Pel。 war〃or by despotic rules〃Jason of Pherae （〃Hell。〃
VI。） Al。 〃wars waged by free states against free states； and wars
waged by tyrants against enslaved peoples。〃
＇11＇ Does ｛o en tais polesi｝ = 〃the citizen〃？ So some commentators； or
（sub。 ｛polemos｝） = 〃the war among states〃 （see Hartman； op。 cit。
p。 248）？ in which case transl。 〃all the hardships involved in
international war come home to the tyrant also。〃 The same
obscurity attaches to ｛oi en tais polesi｝ below （the commonly
adopted emend。 of the MS。 ｛oi sunontes polesi｝ = 〃the citizens；〃
or else = 〃international wars。〃
＇12＇ 〃The pleasures incidental to warfare between states〃； al。 〃the
sweets which citizens engaged in warfare as against rival states
can count upon。〃
＇13＇ Reading ｛analambanousin｝； or； if after Cobet； etc。；
｛lambanousin｝； transl。 〃what brilliant honour； what bright credit
they assume。〃
＇14＇ 〃To have played his part in counsel。〃 See 〃Anab。〃 passim； and M。
Taine； 〃Essais de Critique；〃 〃Xenophon；〃 p。 128。
＇15＇ Lit。 〃they do not indulge in false additions； pretending to have
put more enemies to death than actually fell。〃
＇16＇ Cf。 〃Hipparch；〃 viii。 11； 〃Cyrop。〃 VIII。 iii。 25； 〃Thuc。〃 i。 49。
But the tyrant； when he forebodes； or possibly perceives in actual
fact； some opposition brewing； and puts the suspects＇17＇ to the sword；
knows he will not thereby promote the welfare of the state
collectively。 The cold clear fact is； he will have fewer subjects to
rule over。＇18＇ How can he show a cheerful countenance？＇19＇ how magnify
himself on his achievement？ On the contrary； his desire is to lessen
the proportions of what has taken place； as far as may be。 He will
apologise for what he does； even in the doing of it； letting it appear
that what he has wrought at least was innocent；＇20＇ so little does his
conduct seem noble even to himself。 And when those he dreaded are
safely in their graves； he is not one whit more confident of spirit；
but still more on his guard than heretofore。 That is the kind of war
with which the tyrant is beset from day to day continually； as I do
prove。＇21＇
＇17＇ See Hold。 （crit。 app。）； Hartman； op。 cit。 p。 260。
＇18＇ Cf。 〃Mem。〃 I。 ii。 38。
＇19＇ Cf。 〃Anab。〃 II。 vi。 11； 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 16。
＇20＇ 〃Not of malice prepense。〃
＇21＇ Or； 〃Such then； as I describe it； is the type of war；〃 etc。
III
Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to
tyrants to partake。 And first； let us examine with ourselves and see
if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man。
How fares it with the man who is beloved of friends？ See with what
gladness his friends and lovers hail his advent！ delight to do him
kindness！ long for him when he is absent from them！＇1＇ and welcome him
most gladly on his return！＇2＇ In any good which shall betide him they
rejoice together； or if they see him overtaken by misfortune； they
rush to his assistance as one man。＇3＇
＇1＇ Reading ｛an ate｝； or if ｛an apie｝； transl。 〃have yearning hearts
when he must leave them。〃
＇2＇ See Anton Rubinstein； 〃Die Musik and ihre Meister；〃 p。 8； 〃Some
Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op。 81。〃
＇3＇ Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and
phraseology。
Nay！ it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that
friendship is the greatest boon； the sweetest happiness which men may
taste。 At any rate； the custom holds＇4＇ in many states 〃to slay the
adulterer〃 alone of all 〃with impunity；〃＇5＇ for this reason clearly
that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship＇6＇
which bin