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om the miners of Sonora； Mexico； who had first discovered them。 We found there pretty much the same state of facts as before existed at Mormon Island and Coloma； and we daily received intelligence of the opening of still other mines north and south。
But I have passed over a very interesting fact。 As soon as we had returned from our first visit to the gold…mines； it became important to send home positive knowledge of this valuable discovery。 The means of communication with the United States were very precarious； and I suggested to Colonel Mason that a special courier ought to be sent； that Second…Lieutenant Loeser had been promoted to first…lieutenant； and was entitled to go home。 He was accordingly detailed to carry the news。 I prepared with great care the letter to the adjutant…general of August 17； 1848； which Colonel Mason modified in a few Particulars； and； as it was important to send not only the specimens which had been presented to us along our route of travel； I advised the colonel to allow Captain Folsom to purchase and send to Washington a large sample of the commercial gold in general use； and to pay for the same out of the money in his hands known as the 〃civil fund；〃 arising from duties collected at the several ports in California。 He consented to this； and Captain Folsom bought an oyster…can full at ten dollars the ounce； which was the rate of value at which it was then received at the custom house。 Folsom was instructed further to contract with some vessel to carry the messenger to South America； where he could take the English steamers as far east as Jamaica； with a conditional charter giving increased payment if the vessel could catch the October steamer。 Folsom chartered the bark La Lambayecana； owned and navigated by Henry D。 Cooke； who has since been the Governor of the District of Columbia。 In due time this vessel reached Monterey； and Lieutenant Loeser； with his report and specimens of gold； embarked and sailed。 He reached the South American Continent at Payta； Peru； in time； took the English steamer of October to Panama； and thence went on to Kingston； Jamaica； where he found a sailing vessel bound for New Orleans。 On reaching New Orleans； he telegraphed to the War Department his arrival； but so many delays had occurred that he did not reach Washington in time to have the matter embraced in the President's regular message of 1848； as we had calculated。 Still； the President made it the subject of a special message； and thus became 〃official〃 what had before only reached the world。 in a very indefinite shape。 Then began that wonderful development； and the great emigration to California； by land and by sea； of 1849 and 1850。
As before narrated； Mason； Warner； and I； made a second visit to the mines in September and October； 1848。 As the winter season approached； Colonel Mason returned to Monterey； and I remained for a time at Sutter's Fort。 In order to share somewhat in the riches of the land； we formed a partnership in a store at Coloma； in charge of Norman S。 Bestor； who had been Warner's clerk。 We supplied the necessary money； fifteen hundred dollars （five hundred dollars each）； and Bestor carried on the store at Coloma for his share。 Out of this investment； each of us realized a profit of about fifteen hundred dollars。 Warner also got a regular leave of absence； and contracted with Captain Sutter for surveying and locating the town of Sacramento。 He received for this sixteen dollars per day for his services as surveyor； and Sutter paid all the hands engaged in the work。 The town was laid off mostly up about the fort； but a few streets were staked off along the river bank； and one or two leading to it。 Captain Sutter always contended； however； that no town could possibly exist on the immediate bank of the river； because the spring freshets rose over the bank； and frequently it was necessary to swim a horse to reach the boat…landing。 Nevertheless； from the very beginning the town began to be built on the very river…bank； viz。； First； Second； and Third Streets； with J and K Streets leading back。 Among the principal merchants and traders of that winter； at Sacramento； were Sam Brannan and Hensley； Reading & Co。 For several years the site was annually flooded； but the people have persevered in building the levees； and afterward in raising all the streets； so that Sacramento is now a fine city； the capital of the State； and stands where； in 1848； was nothing but a dense mass of bushes； vines； and submerged land。 The old fort has disappeared altogether。
During the fall of 1848； Warner； Ord； and I； camped on the bank of the American River； abreast of the fort； at what was known as the 〃Old Tan…Yard。〃 I was cook； Ord cleaned up the dishes； and Warner looked after the horses； but Ord was deposed as scullion because he would only wipe the tin plates with a tuft of grass； according to the custom of the country； whereas Warner insisted on having them washed after each meal with hot water。 Warner was in consequence promoted to scullion； and Ord became the hostler。 We drew our rations in kind from the commissary at San Francisco； who sent them up to us by a boat； and we were thus enabled to dispense a generous hospitality to many a poor devil who otherwise would have had nothing to eat。
The winter of 1848 '49 was a period of intense activity throughout California。 The rainy season was unfavorable to the operations of gold…mining； and was very hard upon the thousands of houseless men and women who dwelt in the mountains； and even in the towns。 Most of the natives and old inhabitants had returned to their ranches and houses； yet there were not roofs enough in the country to shelter the thousands who had arrived by sea and by land。 The news had gone forth to the whole civilized world that gold in fabulous quantities was to be had for the mere digging； and adventurers came pouring in blindly to seek their fortunes； without a thought of
house or food。 Yerba Buena had been converted into San Francisco。 Sacramento City had been laid out； lots were being rapidly sold； and the town was being built up as an entrepot to the mines。 Stockton also had been chosen as a convenient point for trading with the lower or southern mines。 Captain Sutter was the sole proprietor of the former； and Captain Charles Weber was the owner of the site of Stockton； which was as yet known as 〃French Camp。〃
CHAPTER III。
EARLY RECOLLECTIONS OF CALIFORNIA（CONTINUED）。
1849…1850。
The department headquarters still remained at Monterey； but； with the few soldiers； we had next to nothing to do。 In midwinter we heard of the approach of a battalion of the Second Dragoons； under Major Lawrence Pike Graham； with Captains Rucker； Coutts； Campbell； and others； along。 So exhausted were they by their long march from Upper Mexico that we had to send relief to meet them as they approached。 When this command reached Los Angeles； it was left there as the garrison； and Captain A。 J。 Smith's company of the First Dragoons was brought up to San Francisco。 We were also advised that the Second Infantry； Colonel B。 Riley； would be sent out around Cape Horn in sailing…ships； that the Mounted Rifles； under Lieut