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hich was really only their own glorythe glory of their own dogmas； of propositions and conclusions in their own brain； which； true or false； were equally heretical in their mouths； because they used them only as watchwords of division。 Orthodox or unorthodox； they lost the knowledge of God； for they lost the knowledge of righteousness； and love； and peace。 That Divine Logos； and theology as a whole； receded further and further aloft into abysmal heights； as it became a mere dreary system of dead scientific terms； having no practical bearing on their hearts and lives； and then they； as the Neoplatonists had done before them； filled up the void by those daemonologies； images； base Fetish worships； which made the Mohammedan invaders regard them； and I believe justly； as polytheists and idolaters； base as the pagan Arabs of the desert。
I cannot but believe them； moreover； to have been untrue to the teaching of Clement and his school； in that coarse and materialist admiration of celibacy which ruined Alexandrian society； as their dogmatic ferocity ruined Alexandrian thought。 The Creed which taught them that in the person of the Incarnate Logos； that which was most divine had been proved to be most human； that which was most human had been proved to be most divine； ought surely to have given to them； as it has given to modern Europe； nobler； clearer； simpler views of the true relation of the sexes。 However； on this matter they did not see their way。 Perhaps； in so debased an age； so profligate a world； as that out of which Christianity had risen； it was impossible to see the true beauty and sanctity of those primary bonds of humanity。 And while the relation of the sexes was looked on in a wrong light； all other social relations were necessarily also misconceived。 〃The very ideas of family and national life；〃 as it has been said； 〃those two divine roots of the Church； severed from which she is certain to wither away into that most cruel and most godless of spectres； a religious world； had perished in the East； from the evil influence of the universal practice of slave… holding； as well as from the degradation of that Jewish nation which had been for ages the great witness for these ideas； and all classes； like their forefather Adamlike； indeed； the Old Adamthe selfish； cowardly； brute nature in every man and in every agewere shifting the blame of sin from their own consciences to human relationships and duties； and therein； to the God who had appointed them； and saying； as of old； 'The woman whom Thou gavest to be with me； she gave me of the tree； and I did eat。'〃
Much as Christianity did； even in Egypt； for woman； by asserting her moral and spiritual equality with the man； there seems to have been no suspicion that she was the true complement of the man； not merely by softening him； but by strengthening him； that true manhood can be no more developed without the influence of the woman； than true womanhood without the influence of the man。 There is no trace among the Egyptian celibates of that chivalrous woman…worship which our Gothic forefathers brought with them into the West； which shed a softening and ennobling light round the mediaeval convent life； and warded off for centuries the worst effects of monasticism。 Among the religious of Egypt； the monk regarded the nun； the nun the monk； with dread and aversion； while both looked on the married population of the opposite sex with a coarse contempt and disgust which is hardly credible； did not the foul records of it stand written to this day； in Rosweyde's extraordinary 〃Vitae Patrum Eremiticorum；〃 no barren school of metaphysic； truly； for those who are philosophic enough to believe that all phenomena whatsoever of the human mind are worthy matter for scientific induction。
And thus grew up in Egypt a monastic world； of such vastness that it was said to equal in number the laity。 This produced； no doubt； an enormous increase in the actual amount of moral evil。 But it produced three other effects； which were the ruin of Alexandria。 First； a continually growing enervation and numerical decrease of the population； next； a carelessness of； and contempt for social and political life； and lastly； a most brutalising effect on the lay population； who； told that they were； and believing themselves to be； beings of a lower order； and living by a lower standard； sank down more and more generation after generation。 They were of the world； and the ways of the world they must follow。 Political life had no inherent sanctity or nobleness； why act holily and nobly in it？ Family life had no inherent sanctity or nobleness； why act holily and nobly in it either； if there were no holy； noble； and divine principle or ground for it？ And thus grew up； both in Egypt； Syria； and Byzantium； a chaos of profligacy and chicanery； in rulers and people； in the home and the market； in the theatre and the senate； such as the world has rarely seen before or since； a chaos which reached its culmination in the seventh century； the age of Justinian and Theodora； perhaps the two most hideous sovereigns； worshipped by the most hideous empire of parasites and hypocrites； cowards and wantons； that ever insulted the long…suffering of a righteous God。
But； for Alexandria at least； the cup was now full。 In the year 640 the Alexandrians were tearing each other in pieces about some Jacobite and Melchite controversy； to me incomprehensible； to you unimportant； because the fighters on both sides seem to have lost （as all parties do in their old age） the knowledge of what they were fighting for； and to have so bewildered the question with personal intrigues； spites； and quarrels； as to make it nearly as enigmatic as that famous contemporary war between the blue and green factions at Constantinople； which began by backing in the theatre； the charioteers who drove in blue dresses； against those wild drove in green； then went on to identify themselves each with one of the prevailing theological factions； gradually developed； the one into an aristocratic； the other into a democratic； religious party； and ended by a civil war in the streets of Constantinople； accompanied by the most horrible excesses； which had nearly； at one time； given up the city to the flames； and driven Justinian from his throne。
In the midst of these Jacobite and Melchite controversies and riots； appeared before the city the armies of certain wild and unlettered Arab tribes。 A short and fruitless struggle followed； and； strange to say； a few months swept away from the face of the earth； not only the wealth； the commerce； the castles； and the liberty； but the philosophy and the Christianity of Alexandria； crushed to powder by one fearful blow； all that had been built up by Alexander and the Ptolemies； by Clement and the philosophers； and made void； to all appearance； nine hundred years of human toil。 The people； having no real hold on their hereditary Creed； accepted； by tens of thousands； that of the Mussulman invaders。 The Christian remnant became tributaries； and Alexandria dwindled； from that time forth； into a petty seaport town。
And nowcan we pass over this new metaphysical school of Alexandria？ Can we help inquiring in what th