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smooth； and sloping upwards toward the protuberant parts of the
body； such as the heel or hips； so that there may be no projection；
nor bending inwards； nor turning aside。 The canal （spout or gutter？）
should rather comprehend the whole limb than the half of it； attention
being paid to the injury and to whatever else appears to create
inconvenience。
15。 The presentation of the injured part to the physician； the
extension； the arrangement； and so forth； are to be regulated
according to nature。 What is nature in these operations is to be
determined by the accomplishment of the object which we have in
view； and for this purpose we must look to the part in the state of
rest； in its middle state； and to habit； in regard to the state of
rest and relaxation； as in the arm； that it be in a line with the
hand； and with regard to the medium between flexion and extension；
that the forearm be at right angles to the arm； and with regard to
habit； it should be considered that some limbs bear certain
positions preferably； as； for example； the thighs extension； for in
such attitudes the parts can best bear to be placed for a considerable
time without a change of posture。 And in the change from the state
of distention； the muscles； veins； nerves； and bones； when properly
arranged and secured； will preserve their relations to one another
while the limb is raised or placed。
16。 The extension should be most powerful when the largest and
thickest bones； or when both are broken； next when the under…bone； and
least of all； when the upper。 When immoderate； it is injurious； except
in the case of children。 The limb should be a little elevated。 The
model by which we judge if the part be properly set is the sound
part of the same name； or the part which is its pair。
17。 Friction can relax； brace； incarnate； attenuate： hard braces；
soft relaxes； much attenuates； and moderate thickens。
18。 The following should be the state of matters on the first
application of the bandage。 The person to whom it has been applied
should say that he feels the compression particularly at the seat of
the injury； but very little at the extremities； the parts should be
adjusted but not pressed together； and that rather by the number of
the bandages than by the force of the constriction； and the
tightness should rather be on the increase during the first day and
night； but on the next it should be less； and on the third the
bandages should be loose。 On the next day a soft swelling should be
observed in the extremities； and on the third day； when the
bandaging is loosed； the swelling should be found diminished in
size； and this should be the case every time the bandages are removed。
At the second application of the bandage； it should be ascertained
whether the dressing has been properly done； and then greater
compression should be made； and with more bandages； and on the
third； still greater； and still more。 On the seventh day from the
first dressing； when the bandages are loosed； the limb should be found
slender and the bones mobile。 We must then have recourse to the
splints； provided the limb be free of swelling； pruritus； and
ulceration； and allow them to remain until twenty days after the
accident； but if any suspicions arise； the bandages must be loosed
in the interval。 The splints should be tightened every third day。
19。 The suspending of a fractured limb in a sling； the disposition
of it； and the bandaging； all have for their object to preserve it
in position。 The principal considerations with regard to the
position are the habits and the peculiar nature of each of the
limbs： the varieties are shown in running； walking； standing； lying；
action； repose。
20。 It should be kept in mind that exercise strengthens； and
inactivity wastes。
21。 Compression should be produced by the number of bandages； rather
than by the force of the constriction。
22。 In cases of ecchymosis； contusions； sprains； or swellings not
attended with inflammations； blood is to be expelled from the wound；
in greatest quantity to the upper part； and in smallest to the
inferior； neither the arm nor the leg should be placed in a
declining position： the head of the bandage should be placed on the
wound； and there the greatest pressure should be made； the least at
the extremities； and intermediately in the middle； the last fold of
the bandage should be at the upper part of the body。 As to binding and
compression； these objects are to be attained rather by the number
of the bandages than the force of the constriction； and moreover； in
these cases the bandages should be thin； light； soft； clean； broad；
sound； so that they may effect their purpose； even without splints。
And we must use affusions。
23。 Dislocations； sprains； diastases of bones； violent separation；
abruption of the extremities of bones； and distrainings； so as to
induce varus or valgus； in these cases we must apply the bandages so
as not to compress the part whence the displacement took place； and
that we may render them tight at the side to which the displacement
was； and give the limb an inclination in the opposite direction； and
that in an excessive degree。 We employ bandages； compresses；
suspension of the limb in a sling； attitude； extension； friction；
rectification； and along with these the affusion of much water。
24。 In treating parts which are atrophied； we must comprehend a
considerable part of the sound limb with the bandage； so that by the
influx thereby produced； the wasted part may acquire a supply
greater than its loss； and may be thus disposed to growth and
restoration of its fleshy parts。 It is better also to bandage the
parts above； as the thigh in the case of the leg； and also the thigh
and leg of the opposite side； so that they may be placed in similar
circumstances； and may both equally be deprived of motion； and that
the supply of nourishment may be alike curtailed and open to both。 The
compression should be the effect rather of the number of the
bandages than of their tightness。 We relax first the part most
requiring it； and have recourse to that kind of friction which will
promote the growth of flesh； and to affusion。 No splints。
25。 Those things which are for the purpose of giving support and
strength to the part； as to the breast； side； head； and so forth；
are used in such cases as the following： for pulsations； that there
may be no motion in the part； and in separation at the sutures of
the skull； in order to give support； and in order to strengthen the
chest and head； in coughs； sneezings； and other movements。 In all
these cases the same measure of bandaging is to be observed； for where
the injury is； there the bandage should compress most； and something
soft is to be placed below that suits with the complaint； and we
must not apply the bandages tighter than just to stop the pulsations
from creating disturbance； and that the separated parts at the sutures
may be brought into contact； they must not be such as absolutely to
stop the coughs and sneezings； but so as to give support； and； without
occa