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downwards； in the case of the leg。 The turns of the bandage should
be made from right to left； and from left to right； except on the
head； where it should be in a straight direction。 When opposite
parts are to be bandaged together； we must use a bandage with two
heads； or if we make use of a bandage with one head； we must attach it
in like manner at some fixed point： such； for example； as the middle
of the head； and so in other cases。 Those parts which are much exposed
to motion； such as the joints； where there is a flexion； should have
few and slight bandages applied to them； as at the ham； but where
there is much extension； the bandage should be single and broad； as at
the kneepan； and for the maintenance of the bandage in its proper
place； some turns should be carried to those parts which are not
much moved； and are lank； such as the parts above and below the
knee。 In the case of the shoulder； a fold should be carried round by
the other armpit； in that of the groin； by the flanks of the
opposite side； and of the leg； to above the calf of the leg。 When
the bandage has a tendency to escape above； it should be secured
below； and vice versa； and where there is no means of doing this； as
in the case of the head； the turns are to be made mostly on the most
level part of the head； and the folds are to be done with as little
obliquity as possible； so that the firmest part being last applied may
secure the portions which are more movable。 When we cannot secure
the bandaging by means of folds of the cloth； nor by suspending them
from the opposite side； we must have recourse to stitching it with
ligatures； either passed circularly or in the form of a seam。
10。 The bandages should be clean； light； soft； and thin。 One
should practice rolling with both hands together； and with either
separately。 One should also choose a suitable one； according to the
breadth and thickness of the parts。 The heads of the bandages should
be hard； smooth； and neatly put on。 That sort of bandaging is the
worst which quickly falls off； but those are bad bandages which
neither compress nor yet come off。
11。 The following are the object which the upper bandage； the
under bandage； or both aim at： The object of the under bandage is
either to bring together parts that are separated； or to compress such
as are expanded； or to separate what are contracted； or to restore
to shape what are distorted； or the contrary。 It is necessary to
prepare pieces of linen cloth； which are light； thin； soft； clean；
having no seams nor protuberances on them； but sound； and able to bear
some stretching； or even a little more than required； not dry； but
wetted with a juice suitable to the purpose required。 We must deal
with parts separated （in a sinus？） in such wise； that the parts
which are raised may touch the bottom without producing pressure； we
must begin on the sound part； and terminate at the wound； so that
whatever humor is in it may be expelled； and that it may be
prevented from collecting more。 And straight parts are to be
bandaged in a straight direction； and oblique obliquely； in such a
position as to create no pain； and so that there may be no
constriction nor falling off on a change of position； either for the
purpose of taking hold of anything； or laying the limb； and that
muscles； veins； nerves； and bones may be properly placed and
adjusted to one another。 It should be raised or laid in a natural
position； so as not to occasion pain。 In those cases in which an
abscess is formed； we must act in a contrary way。 When our object is
to bring together parts which have become expanded； in other
respects we must proceed on the same plain； and we must commence the
bringing together from some considerable distance； and after their
approach； we must apply compression； at first slight； and afterwards
stronger； the limit of it being the actual contact of the parts。 In
order to separate parts which are drawn together； when attended with
inflammation； we must proceed on the opposite plan； but when without
inflammation； we must use the same preparations； but bandage in the
opposite direction。 In order to rectify distorted parts； we must
proceed otherwise on the same principles； but the parts which are
separated must be brought together by an underbandage； by
agglutinants； and by suspending it （the limb？） in its natural
position。 And when the deformities are the contrary； this is to be
done on the contrary plan。
12。 In fractures we must attend to the length； breadth； thickness；
and number of the compresses。 The length should be that of the
bandaging； the breadth； three or four fingers； thickness； three or
fourfold； number so as to encircle the limb； neither more nor less；
those applied for the purpose of rectifying a deformity； should be
of such a length as to encircle it； the breadth and thickness being
determined by the vacuity； which is not to be filled up at once。 The
upper bandages are two； the first of which is to be carried from the
seat of the injury upwards； and the second from the seat of the injury
downwards； and from below upwards； the parts about the seat of the
injury being most compressed； the extremities least； and the rest in
proportion。 The upper bandages should take in a considerable portion
of the sound parts。 We must attend to the number； length； and
breadth of the bandages； the number must be such as not to be inferior
to what the injury requires； nor occasion compression with the
splints； nor prove cumbersome； nor occasion any slipping of them；
nor render them inefficient。 As to length and breadth； they should
be three； four； five； or six cubits in length； and as many fingers
broad。 The folds of the strings （selvages？） should be such as not to
occasion pressure； they are to be soft and not thick； and all these
things are to be proportionate to the length； breadth； and thickness
of the part affected。 The splints are to be smooth； even； and
rounded at the extremities； somewhat less all along than the upper
bandaging； and thickest at the part to which fracture inclines。
Those parts where there are tuberosities； and which are devoid of
flesh； such as the ankles or fingers； we must guard from the splints
which are placed over them； either by position； or by their shortness。
They are to be secured by the strings in such a manner as not to
occasion pressure at first。 A soft； consistent； and clean cerate
should be rubbed into the folds of the bandage。
13。 As to the temperature and quantity of the water used； its heat
should be just such as the hand can bear； and it ought to be known
that a large quantity is best for producing relaxation and
attenuation； whereas a moderate quantity is best for incarnating and
softening。 The limit to the affusion is； to stop when the parts become
swelled up； and before the swelling subsides； for the parts swell up
at first； and fall afterward。
14。 The object on which to （the limb？） is laid should be soft；
smooth； and sloping upwards toward the protuberant parts of the
body； such as the heel or hips； so that there may be no p