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wish for incompatibles； wayward impulses interrupt their most
deliberate plans； and their lives are one long drama of
repentance and of effort to repair misdemeanors and mistakes。
Heterogeneous personality has been explained as the result of
inheritancethe traits of character of incompatible and
antagonistic ancestors are supposed to be preserved alongside of
each other。＇90＇ This explanation may pass for what it is
worthit certainly needs corroboration。 But whatever the cause
of heterogeneous personality may be； we find the extreme examples
of it in the psychopathic temperament； of which I spoke in my
first lecture。 All writers about that temperament make the inner
heterogeneity prominent in their descriptions。 Frequently；
indeed； it is only this trait that leads us to ascribe that
temperament to a man at all。 A 〃degenere superieur〃 is simply a
man of sensibility in many directions； who finds more difficulty
than is common in keeping his spiritual house in order and
running his furrow straight； because his feelings and impulses
are too keen and too discrepant mutually。 In the haunting and
insistent ideas； in the irrational impulses； the morbid scruples；
dreads； and inhibitions which beset the psychopathic temperament
when it is thoroughly pronounced； we have exquisite examples of
heterogeneous personality。 Bunyan had an obsession of the words；
〃Sell Christ for this； sell him for that； sell him； sell him！〃
which would run through his mind a hundred times together； until
one day out of breath with retorting； 〃I will not； I will not；〃
he impulsively said； 〃Let him go if he will；〃 and this loss of
the battle kept him in despair for over a year。 The lives of the
saints are full of such blasphemous obsessions； ascribed
invariably to the direct agency of Satan。 The phenomenon
connects itself with the life of the subconscious self；
so…called； of which we must erelong speak more directly。
＇90＇ Smith Baker； in Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases；
September； 1893。
Now in all of us； however constituted； but to a degree the
greater in proportion as we are intense and sensitive and subject
to diversified temptations； and to the greatest possible degree
if we are decidedly psychopathic； does the normal evolution of
character chiefly consist in the straightening out and unifying
of the inner self。 The higher and the lower feelings； the useful
and the erring impulses； begin by being a comparative chaos
within usthey must end by forming a stable system of functions
in right subordination。 Unhappiness is apt to characterize the
period of order…making and struggle。 If the individual be of
tender conscience and religiously quickened； the unhappiness will
take the form of moral remorse and compunction； of feeling
inwardly vile and wrong； and of standing in false relations to
the author of one's being and appointer of one's spiritual fate。
This is the religious melancholy and 〃conviction of sin〃 that
have played so large a part in the history of Protestant
Christianity。 The man's interior is a battle…ground for what he
feels to be two deadly hostile selves； one actual； the other
ideal。 As Victor Hugo makes his Mahomet say：
〃Je suis le champ vil des sublimes combats：
Tantot l'homme d'en haut； et tantot l'homme d'en bas；
Et le mal dans ma bouche avec le bien alterne；
Comme dans le desert le sable et la citerne。〃
Wrong living； impotent aspirations； 〃What I would； that do I not；
but what I hate； that do I；〃 as Saint Paul says； self…loathing；
self…despair； an unintelligible and intolerable burden to which
one is mysteriously the heir。
Let me quote from some typical cases of discordant personality；
with melancholy in the form of self…condemnation and sense of
sin。 Saint Augustine's case is a classic example。 You all
remember his half…pagan； half…Christian bringing up at Carthage；
his emigration to Rome and Milan； his adoption of Manicheism and
subsequent skepticism； and his restless search for truth and
purity of life； and finally how； distracted by the struggle
between the two souls in his breast and ashamed of his own
weakness of will； when so many others whom he knew and knew of
had thrown off the shackles of sensuality and dedicated
themselves to chastity and the higher life； he heard a voice in
the garden say； 〃Sume； lege〃 （take and read）； and opening the
Bible at random； saw the text； 〃not in chambering and
wantonness；〃 etc。； which seemed directly sent to his address； and
laid the inner storm to rest forever。＇91＇ Augustine's
psychological genius has given an account of the trouble of
having a divided self which has never been surpassed。
＇91＇ Louis Gourdon （Essai sur la Conversion de Saint Augustine；
Paris； Fischbacher； 1900） has shown by an analysis of Augustine's
writings immediately after the date of his conversion （A。 D。 386）
that the account he gives in the Confessions is premature。 The
crisis in the garden marked a definitive conversion from his
former life； but it was to the neo…platonic spiritualism and only
a halfway stage toward Christianity。 The latter he appears not
fully and radically to have embraced until four years more had
passed。
〃The new will which I began to have was not yet strong enough to
overcome that other will； strengthened by long indulgence。 So
these two wills； one old； one new； one carnal； the other
spiritual； contended with each other and disturbed my soul。 I
understood by my own experience what I had read； 'flesh lusteth
against spirit； and spirit against flesh。' It was myself indeed
in both the wills； yet more myself in that which I approved in
myself than in that which I disapproved in myself。 Yet it was
through myself that habit had attained so fierce a mastery over
me； because I had willingly come whither I willed not。 Still
bound to earth； I refused； O God； to fight on thy side； as much
afraid to be freed from all bonds； as I ought to have feared
being trammeled by them。
〃Thus the thoughts by which I meditated upon thee were like the
efforts of one who would awake； but being overpowered with
sleepiness is soon asleep again。 Often does a man when heavy
sleepiness is on his limbs defer to shake it off； and though not
approving it； encourage it； even so I was sure it was better to
surrender to thy love than to yield to my own lusts； yet though
the former course convinced me； the latter pleased and held me
bound。 There was naught in me