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n the main as referring to Athens； the eye and light of Greece； the nucleus and centre of Hellenic culture。
Let us note first that Athens was a large city surrounded by pleasant village…suburbs；the demes of Attika；very much as Boston is closely girdled by rural places like Brookline； Jamaica Plain； and the rest； village after village rather thickly covering a circuit of from ten to twenty miles' radius。 The population of Athens with its suburbs may perhaps have exceeded half a million； but the number of adult freemen bearing arms did not exceed twenty…five thousand。＇67＇ For every one of these freemen there were four or five slaves； not ignorant； degraded labourers； belonging to an inferior type of humanity； and bearing the marks of a lower caste in their very personal formation and in the colour of their skin； like our lately…enslaved negroes； but intelligent； skilled labourers； belonging usually to the Hellenic； and at any rate to the Aryan race； as fair and perhaps as handsome as their masters； and not subjected to especial ignominy or hardship。 These slaves； of whom there were at least one hundred thousand adult males； relieved the twenty…five thousand freemen of nearly all the severe drudgery of life； and the result was an amount of leisure perhaps never since known on an equal scale in history。
＇67＇ See Herod。 V。 97； Aristoph。 Ekkl。 432； Thukyd。 II。 13； Plutarch； Perikl。 37。
The relations of master and slave in ancient Athens constituted； of course； a very different phenomenon from anything which the history of our own Southern States has to offer us。 Our Southern slaveholders lived in an age of industrial development； they were money…makers： they had their full share of business in managing the operations for which their labourers supplied the crude physical force。 It was not so in Athens。 The era of civilization founded upon organized industry had not begun； money…making had not come to be； with the Greeks； the one all…important end of life； and mere subsistence； which is now difficult； was then easy。 The Athenian lived in a mild； genial； healthy climate； in a country which has always been notable for the activity and longevity of its inhabitants。 He was frugal in his habits；a wine…drinker and an eater of meat； but rarely addicted to gluttony or intemperance。 His dress was inexpensive； for the Greek climate made but little protection necessary； and the gymnastic habits of the Greeks led them to esteem more highly the beauty of the body than that of its covering。 His house was simple； not being intended for social purposes； while of what we should call home…life the Greeks had none。 The house was a shelter at night； a place where the frugal meal might be taken； a place where the wife might stay； and look after the household slaves or attend to the children。 And this brings us to another notable feature of Athenian life。 The wife having no position in society； being nothing； indeed； but a sort of household utensil； how greatly was life simplified！ What a door for expenditure was there； as yet securely closed； and which no one had thought of opening！ No milliner's or dressmaker's bills； no evening parties； no Protean fashions； no elegant furniture； no imperious necessity for Kleanthes to outshine Kleon； no coaches； no Chateau Margaux； no journeys to Arkadia in the summer！ In such a state of society； as one may easily see； the labour of one man would support half a dozen。 It cost the Athenian but a few cents daily to live； and even these few cents might be earned by his slaves。 We need not； therefore； be surprised to learn that in ancient Athens there were no paupers or beggars。 There might be poverty； but indigence was unknown； and because of the absence of fashion； style； and display； even poverty entailed no uncomfortable loss of social position。 The Athenians valued wealth highly； no doubt； as a source of contributions to public festivals and to the necessities of the state。 But as far as the circumstances of daily life go； the difference between the rich man and the poor man was immeasurably less than in any modern community； and the incentives to the acquirement of wealth were； as a consequence； comparatively slight。
I do not mean to say that the Athenians did not engage in business。 Their city was a commercial city； and their ships covered the Mediterranean。 They had agencies and factories at Marseilles； on the remote coasts of Spain； and along the shores of the Black Sea。 They were in many respects the greatest commercial people of antiquity； and doubtless knew； as well as other people； the keen delights of acquisition。 But my point is； that with them the acquiring of property had not become the chief or only end of life。 Production was carried on almost entirely by slave…labour； interchange of commodities was the business of the masters； and commerce was in those days simple。 Banks； insurance companies； brokers' boards；all these complex instruments of Mammon were as yet unthought of。 There was no Wall Street in ancient Athens； there were no great failures； no commercial panics； no over…issues of stock。 Commerce； in short； was a quite subordinate matter； and the art of money…making was in its infancy。
The twenty…five thousand Athenian freemen thus enjoyed； on the whole； more undisturbed leisure； more freedom from petty harassing cares； than any other community known to history。 Nowhere else can we find； on careful study； so little of the hurry and anxiety which destroys the even tenour of modern life；nowhere else so few of the circumstances which tend to make men insane； inebriate； or phthisical； or prematurely old。
This being granted； it remains only to state and illustrate the obverse fact。 It is not only true that Athens has produced and educated a relatively larger number of men of the highest calibre and most complete culture than any other community of like dimensions which has ever existed； but it is also true that there has been no other community； of which the members have； as a general rule； been so highly cultivated； or have attained individually such completeness of life。 In proof of the first assertion it will be enough to mention such names as those of Solon； Themistokles； Perikles； and Demosthenes； Isokrates and Lysias； Aristophanes and Menander； Aischylos； Sophokles； and Euripides； Pheidias and Praxiteles； Sokrates and Plato； Thukydides and Xenophon： remembering that these men； distinguished for such different kinds of achievement； but like each other in consummateness of culture； were all produced within one town in the course of three centuries。 At no other time and place in human history has there been even an approach to such a fact as this。
My other assertion； about the general culture of the community in which such men were reared； will need a more detailed explanation。 When I say that the Athenian public was； on the whole； the most highly cultivated public that has ever existed； I refer of course to something more than what is now known as literary culture。 Of this there was relatively little in the days of Athenian greatness； and this was because there was not yet need for it or room for it。 Greece did not until a later time begin to produce scholars and savants； for the fu