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uld rank a photograph； however exquisitely executed； with an original picture。 And finally； if exact imitation were the supreme object of art； the best tragedy； the best comedy； and the best drama would be a stenographic report of the proceedings in a court of justice； in a family gathering； in a popular meeting； in the Rump Congress。 Even the works of artists are not rated in proportion to their minute exactness。 Neither in painting nor in any other art do we give the precedence to that which deceives the eye simply。 Every one remembers how Zeuxis was said to have painted grapes so faithfully that the birds came and pecked at them； and how； Parrhasios； his rival； surpassed even this feat by painting a curtain so natural in its appearance that Zeuxis asked him to pull it aside and show the picture behind it。 All this is not art； but mere knack and trickery。 Perhaps no painter was ever so minute as Denner。 It used to take him four years to make one portrait。 He would omit nothing；neither the bluish lines made by the veins under the skin； nor the little black points scattered over the nose； nor the bright spots in the eye where neighbouring objects are reflected； the head seems to start out from the canvas； it is so like flesh and blood。 Yet who cares for Denner's portraits？ And who would not give ten times as much for one which Van Dyck or Tintoretto might have painted in a few hours？ So in the churches of Naples and Spain we find statues coloured and draped； saints clothed in real coats； with their skin yellow and bloodless； their hands bleeding； and their feet bruised； and beside them Madonnas in royal habiliments； in gala dresses of lustrous silk； adorned with diadems； precious necklaces； bright ribbons； and elegant laces； with their cheeks rosy； their eyes brilliant； their eyelashes sweeping。 And by this excess of literal imitation； there is awakened a feeling； not of pleasure； but always of repugnance； often of disgust； and sometimes of horror So in literature； the ancient Greek theatre； and the best Spanish and English dramatists； alter on purpose the natural current of human speech； and make their characters talk under all the restraints of rhyme and rhythm。 But we pronounce this departure from literal truth a merit and not a defect。 We consider Goethe's second 〃Iphigenie；〃 written in verse； far preferable to the first one written in prose； nay； it is the rhythm or metre itself which communicates to the work its incomparable beauty。 In a review of Longfellow's 〃Dante；〃 published last year； we argued this very point in one of its special applications； the artist must copy his original； but he must not copy it too literally。
What then must he copy？ He must copy； says Taine； the mutual relations and interdependences of the parts of his model。 And more than this； he must render the essential characteristic of the objectthat characteristic upon which all the minor qualities dependas salient and conspicuous as possible。 He must put into the background the traits which conceal it； and bring into the foreground the traits which manifest it。 If he is sculpturing a group like the Laocoon； he must strike upon the supreme moment； that in which the whole tragedy reveals itself； and he must pass over those insignificant details of position and movement which serve only to distract our attention and weaken our emotions by dividing them。 If he is writing a drama； he must not attempt to give us the complete biography of his character； he must depict only those situations which stand in direct subordination to the grand climax or denoument。 As a final result； therefore。 Taine concludes that a work of art is a concrete representation of the relations existing between the parts of an object； with the intent to bring the essential or dominating character thereof into prominence。
We should overrun our limits if we were to follow out the admirable discussion in which M。 Taine extends this definition to architecture and music。 These closely allied arts are distinguished from poetry； painting； and sculpture； by appealing far less directly to the intelligence； and far more exclusively to the emotions。 Yet these arts likewise aim； by bringing into prominence certain relations of symmetry in form as perceived by the eye； or in aerial vibrations as perceived by the ear； to excite in us the states of feeling with which these species of symmetry are by subtle laws of association connected。 They； too； imitate； not literally； but under the guidance of a predominating sentiment or emotion； relations which really exist among the phenomena of nature。 And here； too； we estimate excellence； not in proportion to the direct； but to the indirect imitation。 A Gothic cathedral is not； as has been supposed； directly imitated from the towering vegetation of Northern forests； but it may well be the expression of the dim sentiment of an unseen； all…pervading Power； generated by centuries of primeval life amid such forests。 So the sounds which in a symphony of Beethoven are woven into a web of such amazing complexity may exist in different combinations in nature； but when a musician steps out of his way to imitate the crowing of cocks or the roar of the tempest； we regard his achievement merely as a graceful conceit。 Art is； therefore； an imitation of nature； but it is an intellectual and not a mechanical imitation； and the performances of the camera and the music…box are not to be classed with those of the violinist's bow or the sculptor's chisel。
And lastly； in distinguishing art from science； Taine remarks； that in disengaging from their complexity the； causes which are at work in nature； and the fundamental laws according to which they work； science describes them in abstract formulas conveyed in technical language。 But art reveals these operative causes and these dominant laws； not in arid definitions； inaccessible to most people； intelligible only to specially instructed men； but in a concrete symbol； addressing itself not only to the understanding； but still more to the sentiments of the ordinary man。 Art has； therefore； this peculiarity； that it is at once elevated and popular； that it manifests that which is often most recondite； and that it manifests it to all。
Having determined what a work of art is； our author goes on to study the social conditions under which works of art are produced； and he concludes that the general character of a work of art is determined by the state of intellect and morals in the society in which it is executed。 There is； in fact； a sort of moral temperature which acts upon mental development much as physical temperature acts upon organic development。 The condition of society does not produce the artist's talent； but it assists or checks its efforts to display itself； it decides whether or not it shall be successful And it exerts a 〃natural selection〃 between different kinds of talents； stimulating some and starving others。 To make this perfectly clear； we will cite at some length Taine's brilliant illustration。
The case chosen for illustration is a very simple one；that of a state of society in which one of the predominant feelings is melancholy。 This is not an arbitrary supposition； for such a time has occurred more than