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We are now slowly outgrowing the extravagances of Puritanism。 It has given us an earnestness and sobriety of character； to which much of our real greatness is owing； both here and in the mother country。 It has made us stronger and steadier； but it has at the same time narrowed us in many respects； and rendered our lives incomplete。 This incompleteness； entailed by Puritanism； we are gradually getting rid of； and we are learning to admire and respect many things upon which Puritanism set its mark of contempt。 We are beginning； for instance； to recognize the transcendent merits of that great civilizing agency； the drama； we no longer think it necessary that our temples for worshipping God should be constructed like hideous barracks； we are gradually permitting our choirs to discard the droning and sentimental modern 〃psalm…tune〃 for the inspiring harmonies of Beethoven and Mozart； and we admit the classical picture and the undraped statue to a high place in our esteem。 Yet with all this it will probably be some time before genuine art ceases to be an exotic among us； and becomes a plant of unhindered native growth。 It will be some time before we cease to regard pictures and statues as a higher species of upholstery； and place them in the same category with poems and dramas； duly reverencing them as authentic revelations of the beauty which is to be found in nature。 It will be some time before we realize that art is a thing to be studied； as well as literature； and before we can be quite reconciled to the familiar way in which a Frenchman quotes a picture as we would quote a poem or novel。
Artistic genius； as M。 Taine has shown； is something which will develop itself only under peculiar social circumstances； and； therefore； if we have not art； we can perhaps only wait for it； trusting that when the time comes it will arise among us。 But without originating； we may at least intelligently appreciate。 The nature of a work of art； and the mode in which it is produced； are subjects well worthy of careful study。 Architecture and music； poetry； painting and sculpture； have in times past constituted a vast portion of human activity； and without knowing something of the philosophy of art； we need not hope to understand thoroughly the philosophy of history。
In entering upon the study of art in general； one may find many suggestive hints in the little books of M。 Taine； reprinted from the lectures which he has been delivering at the ecole des Beaux Arts。 The first； on the Philosophy of Art； designated at the head of this paper； is already accessible to the American reader； and translations of the others are probably soon to follow。 We shall for the present give a mere synopsis of M。 Taine's general views。
And first it must be determined what a work of art is。 Leaving for a while music and architecture out of consideration； it will be admitted that poetry； painting； and sculpture have one obvious character in common： they are arts of IMITATION。 This； says Taine； appears at first sight to be their essential character。 It would appear that their great object is to IMITATE as closely as possible。 It is obvious that a statue is intended to imitate a living man； that a picture is designed to represent real persons in real attitudes； or the interior of a house； or a landscape； such as it exists in nature。 And it is no less clear that a novel or drama endeavours to represent with accuracy real characters； actions； and words； giving as precise and faithful an image of them as possible。 And when the imitation is incomplete； we say to the painter； 〃Your people are too largely proportioned； and the colour of your trees is false〃； we tell the sculptor that his leg or arm is incorrectly modelled； and we say to the dramatist； 〃Never has a man felt or thought as your hero is supposed to have felt and thought。〃
This truth； moreover； is seen。 both in the careers of individual artists； and in the general history of art。 According to Taine； the life of an artist may generally be divided into two parts。 In the first period； that of natural growth； he studies nature anxiously and minutely； he keeps the objects themselves before his eyes； and strives to represent them with scrupulous fidelity。 But when the time for mental growth ends； as it does with every man； and the crystallization of ideas and impressions commences； then the mind of the artist is no longer so susceptible to new impressions from without。 He begins to nourish himself from his own substance。 He abandons the living model； and with recipes which he has gathered in the course of his experience； he proceeds to construct a drama or novel； a picture or statue。 Now； the first period； says Taine； is that of genuine art； the second is that of mannerism。 Our author cites the case of Michael Angelo； a man who was one of the most colossal embodiments of physical and mental energy that the world has ever seen。 In Michael Angelo's case； the period of growth； of genuine art； may be said to have lasted until after his sixtieth year。 But look； says Taine； at the works which he executed in his old age； consider the Conversion of St。 Paul； and the Last Judgment； painted when he was nearly seventy。 Even those who are not connoisseurs can see that these frescos are painted by rule； that the artist； having stocked his memory with a certain set of forms； is making use of them to fill out his tableau； that he wantonly multiplies queer attitudes and ingenious foreshortenings； that the lively invention； the grand outburst of feeling； the perfect truth； by which his earlier works are distinguished； have disappeared； and that； if he is still superior to all others； he is nevertheless inferior to himself。 The careers of Scott； of Goethe； and of Voltaire will furnish parallel examples。 In every school of art； too； the flourishing period is followed by one of decline； and in every case the decline is due to a failure to imitate the living models。 In painting； we have the exaggerated foreshorteners and muscle…makers who copied Michael Angelo； the lovers of theatrical decorations who succeeded Titian and Giorgione and the degenerate boudoir…painters who followed Claucle and Poussin。 In literature； we have the versifiers； epigrammatists； and rhetors of the Latin decadence； the sensual and declamatory dramatists who represent the last stages of old English comedy； and the makers of sonnets and madrigals； or conceited euphemists of the Gongora school； in the decline of Italian and Spanish poetry。 Briefly it may be said； that the masters copy nature and the pupils copy the masters。 In this way are explained the constantly recurring phenomena of decline in art； and thus； also； it is seen that art is perfect in proportion as it successfully imitates nature。
But we are not to conclude that absolute imitation is the sole and entire object of art。 Were this the case； the finest works would be those which most minutely correspond to their external prototypes。 In sculpture； a mould taken from the living features is that which gives the most faithful representation of the model； but a well…moulded bust is far from being equal to a good statue。 Photography is in many respects more accurate than painting； but no one would rank a