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ences have been gathered。 The hypothesis being framed in such a way； the question is； What has philosophy to say to it？ Can we； by searching our experiences； find any reason for adopting such an hypothesis？ Or； on the other hand； supposing we can find no such reason； would the total failure of experimental evidence justify us in rejecting it？
The question is so important that I will restate it。 I have imagined a world made up of psychical phenomena； freed from the material conditions under which alone we know such phenomena。 Can we adduce any proof of the possibility of such a world？ Or if we cannot； does our failure raise the slightest presumption that such a world is impossible？
The reply to the first clause of the question is sufficiently obvious。 We have no experience whatever of psychical phenomena save as manifested in connection with material phenomena。 We know of Mind only as a group of activities which are never exhibited to us except through the medium of motions of matter。 In all our experience we have never encountered such activities save in connection with certain very complicated groupings of highly mobile material particles into aggregates which we call living organisms。 And we have never found them manifested to a very conspicuous extent save in connection with some of those specially organized aggregates which have vertebrate skeletons and mammary glands。 Nay； more； when we survey the net results of our experience up to the present time； we find indisputable evidence that in the past history of the visible universe psychical phenomena have only begun to be manifested in connection with certain complex aggregates of material phenomena。 As these material aggregates have age by age become more complex in structure； more complex psychical phenomena have been exhibited。 The development of Mind has from the outset been associated with the development of Matter。 And to…day； though none of us has any knowledge of the end of psychical phenomena in his own case； yet from all the marks by which we recognize such phenomena in our fellow…creatures； whether brute or human； we are taught that when certain material processes have been gradually or suddenly brought to an end； psychical phenomena are no longer manifested。 From first to last； therefore； our appeal to experience gets but one response。 We have not the faintest shadow of evidence wherewith to make it seem probable that Mind can exist except in connection with a material body。 Viewed from this standpoint of terrestrial experience； there is no more reason for supposing that consciousness survives the dissolution of the brain than for supposing that the pungent flavour of table…salt survives its decomposition into metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine。
Our answer from this side is thus unequivocal enough。 Indeed； so uniform has been the teaching of experience in this respect that even in their attempts to depict a life after death； men have always found themselves obliged to have recourse to materialistic symbols。 To the mind of a savage the future world is a mere reproduction of the present； with its everlasting huntings and fightings。 The early Christians looked forward to a renovation of the earth and the bodily resurrection from Sheol of the righteous。 The pictures of hell and purgatory； and even of paradise； in Dante's great poem； are so intensely materialistic as to seem grotesque in this more spiritual age。 But even to…day the popular conceptions of heaven are by no means freed from the notion of matter； and persons of high culture； who realize the inadequacy of these popular conceptions； are wont to avoid the difficulty by refraining from putting their hopes and beliefs into any definite or describable form。 Not unfrequently one sees a smile raised at the assumption of knowledge or insight by preachers who describe in eloquent terms the joys of a future state； yet the smile does not necessarily imply any scepticism as to the abstract probability of the soul's survival。 The scepticism is aimed at the character of the description rather than at the reality of the thing described。 It implies a tacit agreement； among cultivated people； that the unseen world must be purely spiritual in constitution。 The agreement is not habitually expressed in definite formulas； for the reason that no mental image of a purely spiritual world can be formed。 Much stress is commonly laid upon the recognition of friends in a future life； and however deep a meaning may be given to the phrase 〃the love of God；〃 one does not easily realize that a heavenly existence could be worth the longing that is felt for it； if it were to afford no further scope for the pure and tender household affections which give to the present life its powerful though indefinable charm。 Yet the recognition of friends in a purely spiritual world is something of which we can frame no conception whatever。 We may look with unspeakable reverence on the features of wife or child； less because of their physical beauty than because of the beauty of soul to which they give expression； but to imagine the perception of soul by soul apart from the material structure and activities in which soul is manifested； is something utterly beyond our power。 Nay； even when we try to represent to ourselves the psychical activity of any single soul by itself as continuing without the aid of the physical machinery of sensation； we get into unmanageable difficulties。 A great part of the contents of our minds consists of sensuous （chiefly visual） images； and though we may imagine reflection to go on without further images supplied by vision or hearing； touch or taste or smell； yet we cannot well see how fresh experiences could be gained in such a state。 The reader； if he require further illustrations； can easily follow out this line of thought。 Enough has no doubt been said to convince him that our hypothesis of the survival of conscious activity apart from material conditions is not only utterly unsupported by any evidence that can be gathered from the world of which we have experience； but is utterly and hopelessly inconceivable。
It is inconceivable BECAUSE it is entirely without foundation in experience。 Our powers of conception are closely determined by the limits of our experience。 When a proposition； or combination of ideas； is suggested； for which there has never been any precedent in human experience； we find it to be UNTHINKABLE；the ideas will not combine。 The proposition remains one which we may utter and defend； and perhaps vituperate our neighbours for not accepting； but it remains none the less an unthinkable proposition。 It takes terms which severally have meanings and puts them together into a phrase which has no meaning。＇11＇ Now when we try to combine the idea of the continuance of conscious activity with the idea of the entire cessation of material conditions； and thereby to assert the existence of a purely spiritual world； we find that we have made an unthinkable proposition。 We may defend our hypothesis as passionately as we like； but when we strive coolly to realize it in thought we find ourselves baulked at every step。
＇11＇ See my Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy； Vol。 I。 pp。 64…67。
But now we have to ask；